pope gregory ix

For he had inherited the problem of heresies which were blossoming across thirteenth century Christian Europe and challenging the ‘universal’ church. Gregory IX, Pope 1227-1241, who founded the papal Inquisition. Gregory was a reluctant pontiff- and not just because of his age. He received his education at the universities of Paris and Bologna. Hartmann, Wilfried, and Kenneth Pennington. Determined to prove that he had intended to go on crusade all along, Frederick now embarked for the Holy Land with a small army. The effort to find a settlement between the secular and the spiritual powers of medieval society received a decisive blow in this struggle. Gregory was also a harsh opponent of all kinds of heresy, and it was he who created the papal Inquisition under the supervision of the Dominicans. Claiming provocation by Frederick’s vicar in the Kingdom of Sicily, Gregory raised an army and launched an attack on the kingdom. Pope Gregory IX (Source: les.tresors.de.lys.free.fr) Gregory lived from 1145 to 1241, AD. This work was the culmination of a long process of systematizing the mass of papal pronouncements that had accumulated since the early Middle Ages, a process that had been under way since the first half of the twelfth century and had come to fruition in the Decretum, compiled by Gratian and published in 1140. The contributions of Gregory IX are overpowered by the complex relationship between the pope and Frederick II. Gregory IX, 1143?–1241, pope (1227–41), an Italian named Ugolino di Segni, b. Anagni; successor of Honorius III. After the death of Honorius III on March 18, 1227, the cardinals could not immediately reach a decision on a new pope and decided on a compromise procedure empowering three cardinals to act as electors. eval(ez_write_tag([[336,280],'newworldencyclopedia_org-medrectangle-4','ezslot_1',162,'0','0'])); Ugolino was born in Anagni around 1145. A nephew of Pope Innocent III, he was educated at the University of Paris and came to prominence under Honorius III. He had attempted to carry on the work of Innocent III and was successful in many of his efforts. Nevertheless, Frederick embarked for the East, where he conquered Cyprus and negotiated with the Sultan of Egypt for Jerusalem. Gregory IX, born Ugolino Conti de Segni, Roman Catholic Pope from the 19th of March 1227, to the 22nd of August 1241, was a nobleman of Anagni and probably a nephew of Pope Innocent III. The following reflection is part of an ongoing series about the life of St. Dominic & the Order of Friars Preachers. Pope Gregory IX (Latin: Gregorius IX; born Ugolino di Conti; c. 1145 or before 1170 – 22 August 1241) was Pope from 19 March 1227 to his death in 1241. Pope Gregory IX in 1233 was the first to establish "inquisitors," "delegates of the Apostolic See with the task of combatting heresy in certain areas." Gregory IX's power struggle against the secular power of the emperor was nothing new for the papacy, but his open warfare against Frederick II created an ugly spectacle. For the subject of this lesson, Pope Gregory IX, that figure was the Holy Roman Emperor. Credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the New World Encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation. However, the patriarch indicated that he could make no concessions on matters of faith consulting of the patriarchs of Jerusalem, Antioch, and Alexandria. He thus extended central control over the suppression of heresy, and in 1231, he established the papal Inquisition to deal with it, placing the Dominicans in charge of the process. in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. Gregory, sensing the same lack of resolve that kept Frederick from fulfilling his earlier vow to go on crusade, placed him under a ban of excommunication. In 1231 Gregory sharply protested Frederick’s issuance of the Liber Augustalis, or Constitutions of Melfi, a code of laws for the Kingdom of Sicily. After his uncle Innocent III's accession to the papal throne in January 1198, Ugolino was appointed papal chaplain, then archpriest of Saint Peter's Basilica, and finally cardinal-deacon of the Roman church of Sant Eustachio in 1198. Though there was little in these laws that was actually objectionable, their thrust in the direction of a strong monarchy contained a threat to the church. Only one bishop published his decree of excommunication against the emperor, and nearly all the princes and bishops remained faithful to the Frederick. Pope Gregory IX, born Ugolino di Conti, was pope from March 19, 1227 to August 22, 1241. The emperor aimed at supreme temporal power with which the pope should have no right to interfere. In the 13th century, Pope Gregory IX, pope from 1227-1241, believed that cats actually carried the spirit of Satan himself within them. In 1227, he approved the old privileges of the Camaldolese, in the same year he introduced the Premonstratensians into Livonia and Courland. The pope, however, denied that an excommunicated emperor had a right to undertake a holy war. The other two cardinals apparently nominated Conrad, but he refused to accept since it might appear that he had elected himself. He ordered the canonist Raymond of Peñafort to compile the Decretals, a code of canon law based both on conciliar decisions and on papal letters, which he promulgated in 1234. He took the name of Gregory IX. In June, 1229, Frederick II returned from the Holy Land, routed the papal army in Sicily, and made new overtures of peace to the pope. A man of unquestioned personal piety, he was a supporter of the new monastic orders led by Saint Francis and Saint Dominic. After the death of Innocent III in 1216, Ugolino was instrumental in the election of Pope Honorius III. The papacy as conceived by Gregory IX and the empire as conceived by Frederick II could not exist together in peace. The capture of a large number of prelates on their way to the council by Frederick’s Pisan allies put an end to this project, at least during Gregory’s pontificate. During the pontificate of Pope Honorius III (1216–27), Ugo continued to play a leading role. The papal messengers were kindly received both by the Eastern Emperor Vatatzes and by Germanos. Popular devotion to Dominic increased after his death, and in 1234, only 13 years later, he was canonized by Pope Gregory IX, formerly Cardinal Ugolino, who earlier had been his patron. The struggle was only terminated by the death of Gregory IX on August 22, 1241. Those who opposed Church tradition, in those times, were looked upon as traitors and punished accordingly. His solution was in the manner of a true follower of Innocent III: he issued what in retrospect has been viewed as the magna cartaof the Universi… One of these inquisitors, Bernardo Gui, wrote the principal contemporary biography of Gregory IX. The Letter of Pope Gregory IX the Bishops of the whole world, granting the OFM the privilege of erecting their own churches, wherever they may dwell Español (BEBF) Inter Venerabilem: August 4, 1227 A.D. Pope Gregory IX (UGOLINO, Count of Segni). A nephew of Pope Innocent III, he was educated at the University of Paris and came to prominence under Honorius III. With Frederick’s army invading the Papal States, Gregory summoned a general council of the church, which met in Rome on Easter Sunday 1241. For Gregory, the mendicant orders constituted an excellent means of counteracting the love of luxury that had affected many clerics, and were also a powerful weapon for suppressing heresy among the masses. ?1148–1241, pope . Gregory canonized saints Elisabeth of Hungary, Dominic, Anthony of Padua, and Francis of Assisi. The rupture broke into the open shortly after Gregory’s election, when Frederick, who had finally launched his crusade, was forced to return to Brindisi because of an outbreak of plague. One of Gregory IX's first acts as pope was to move against Frederick II for failing to fulfill his vow to involve himself personally in the Crusades. Ugo was an austere man of decisive mind and somewhat harsh personality. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. It would be his successor, Innocent IV who finally brought an end to the Hohenstaufen threat by declaring a crusade against the emperor. Consequently, the pope was again driven from his own capital by a pro-imperial revolt in June 1232. However, when Frederick II defeated the Lombard League in 1239, the possibility that he might dominate all of Italy became a very real threat. His creation of the papal Inquisition under the leadership of the Dominicans likewise left an unfortunate legacy, in which the papacy would forever be linked with heresy-hunting and the deaths of thousands who dared to disagree with Rome on matters of doctrine and practice. To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats.The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here: The history of this article since it was imported to New World Encyclopedia: Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed. During Honorius' papacy, Ugolino became a leading preacher of the Fifth Crusade. Gregory IX, original name Ugo, or Ugolino, Di Segni, (born before 1170—died Aug. 22, 1241, Rome), one of the most vigorous of the 13th-century popes (reigned 1227–41), a canon lawyer, theologian, defender of papal prerogatives, and founder of the papal Inquisition. Gregory IX (Ugolino, Count of Segni), POPE; b. about 1145, at Anagni in the Campagna; d. August 22, 1241, at Rome.He received his education at the Universities of Paris and Bologna. At the request of the pope, Raymond began compilation … He became dean of the College of Cardinals in 1219 and was also archpriest of the Vatican Basilica. creatorOf: Gregory IX, Pope, ca. Pope Gregory IX, born Ugolino di Conti, was pope from March 19, 1227 to August 22, 1241. Art, Music, Literature, Sports and leisure, https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/p/index.php?title=Gregory_IX&oldid=1005552, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License. That was when Ugolino was over 80 years old. Author of. He was the ninth man to choose the name Gregory upon his coronation. In particular, he had grown increasingly disenchanted with Emperor Frederick II. stigmata of Christ, the marks resembling the wounds of Jesus Christ suffered when he was crucified. Gregory accused Frederick of crimes against the church in the Kingdom of Sicily and labelled him a blasphemer. The filioque clause proved an insurmountable obstacle, however, and the patriarchs also insisted that the Roman practice of consecrating unleavened bread was unacceptable. Gregory also endorsed the Northern Crusades and the Teutonic Order's attempts to conquer Orthodox Russia. A treaty was concluded at San Germano between the pope and the emperor, and on August 28 the two leaders met at Anagni and completed their reconciliation, at least temporarily. The peace concluded between the pope and the emperor was, however, to be only temporary. But there can be no doubt about his moral integrity and dedication to the church. Corrections? A synod of the patriarchs was held at Nympha in Bithynia, to which the papal messengers were invited. In 1227 he excommunicated Frederick II when the emperor delayed in keeping his pledge to lead a Crusade. Gregory IX now publicly declared the emperor to be excommunicated on March 23, 1228. For a time Gregory IX lived in hope that he might effect a reunion of the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches. Pope Gregory IX is the 178th pope of the Roman Catholic Church and served the Church for more than 14 years in that role. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Finally, his promulgation of a new collection of papal decretals in 1234 constituted an important foundation for Catholic ecclesiastical law which lasted well into the twentieth century. Gregory IX now denounced Frederick II as a heretic and summoned a council at Rome to give point to his anathema. Pierpont Morgan Library. In May, 1206, he was promoted to cardinal bishop of Ostia. In 1227 Pope Gregory IX appointed the first judges delegate as inquisitors for heretical depravity—many, though not all, of whom were Dominican and Franciscan friars. He warned the professors against the growing tendency of subjecting theology to philosophy by making the truth of the mysteries of faith dependent on philosophical proofs. A year later he became a papal ambassador to Germany during the succession struggle following the death of Emperor Henry VI. Even for modern times, that is not a young age to take on the papal role. He is known for issuing the Decretales and instituting the Papal Inquisition in response to the failures of the episcopal inquisitions established during the time of Pope Lucius III. Intellectually, his promulgation of a new collection of papal decretals laid an important foundation for Catholic legal tradition which lasted for more than six centuries, and he restored the right of Catholic scholars to use Aristotelean physics and metaphysics in academic discourse. Gregory ordered an attack on the kingdom of Sicily in the emperor's absence, but h Thus Gregory IX failed, like many other popes before and after him, in his efforts to reunite the two churches. I suppose it’s possible that Vox in Rama simply set the stage for a cat-killing trend that would, generations later, result in the Black Death. Peter Linus Anacletus Clement I Evaristus Alexander I Sixtus I Telesphorus Hyginus Pius I Anicetus Soter Eleuterus Victor I Zephyrinus Callixtus I Urban I Pontian Anterus Fabian Cornelius Lucius I Stephen I Sixtus II Dionysius Felix I Eutychian Caius Marcellinus Marcellus I Eusebius Miltiades Sylvester I Mark, Julius I Liberius Damasus I Siricius Anastasius I Innocent I Zosimus Boniface I Celestine I Sixtus IIILeo I Hilarius Simplicius Felix III Gelasius I Anastasius II Symmachus Hormisdas John I Felix IV Boniface II John II Agapetus I Silverius Vigilius Pelagius IJohn III Benedict I Pelagius II Gregory I Sabinian Boniface III Boniface IV Adeodatus I, Boniface V Honorius I Severinus John IV Theodore I Martin I Eugene IVitalian Adeodatus II Donus Agatho Leo II Benedict II John V Conon Sergius I John VI John VII Sisinnius Constantine Gregory II Gregory IIIZachary Stephen II Paul I Stephen III Adrian I Leo III Stephen IV Paschal I Eugene II Valentine Gregory IV Sergius II, Leo IV Benedict III Nicholas I Adrian II John VIII Marinus I Adrian III Stephen V Formosus Boniface VI Stephen VI Romanus Theodore II John IX Benedict IV Leo V Sergius III Anastasius III Lando John X Leo VI Stephen VII John XI Leo VII Stephen VIII Marinus II Agapetus II John XII Leo VIII Benedict V John XIII Benedict VI Benedict VII John XIV, John XV Gregory V Sylvester II John XVII John XVIII Sergius IV Benedict VIII John XIX Benedict IX Sylvester III Benedict IX Gregory VI Clement II Benedict IX Damasus II Leo IX Victor II Stephen IX Nicholas II Alexander II Gregory VII Victor III Urban II Paschal II Gelasius II Callixtus II Honorius II Innocent II Celestine II Lucius II Eugene III Anastasius IV Adrian IV Alexander III, Lucius III Urban III Gregory VIII Clement III Celestine III Innocent III Honorius III Gregory IX Celestine IV Innocent IV Alexander IV Urban IV Clement IV Gregory X Innocent V Adrian V John XXI Nicholas III Martin IV Honorius IV Nicholas IV Celestine V Boniface VIII Benedict XI Clement V John XXII Benedict XII Clement VI Innocent VI Urban V Gregory XI Urban VI Boniface IX Innocent VII, Gregory XII Martin V Eugene IV Nicholas V Callixtus III Pius II Paul II Sixtus IV Innocent VIII Alexander VI Pius III Julius II Leo X Adrian VI Clement VII Paul III Julius III Marcellus II Paul IV Pius IV Pius V Gregory XIII Sixtus V Urban VII Gregory XIV Innocent IX Clement VIII Leo XI Paul V Gregory XV Urban VIII Innocent X Alexander VII Clement IX, Clement X Innocent XI Alexander VIII Innocent XII Clement XI Innocent XIII Benedict XIII Clement XII Benedict XIV Clement XIII Clement XIV Pius VI Pius VII Leo XII Pius VIII Gregory XVI Pius IX Leo XIII Pius X Benedict XV Pius XI Pius XII John XXIII Paul VI John Paul I John Paul IIBenedict XVI. A truce was arranged and there was peace between pope and emperor for several years. Gregory sent his own forces to invade imperial territory in Sicily. 1170-1241. Pope Gregory IX synonyms, Pope Gregory IX pronunciation, Pope Gregory IX translation, English dictionary definition of Pope Gregory IX. Even those he loved and admired most sometimes felt the strength of his convictions and the force of his will. Historians have judged him harshly because of his conflict with Frederick II, but too often their judgments have turned on the defects of his personality rather than the objectives of his policy. His support of the rising mendicant orders did not, however, cause him to neglect the older ones. In January, 1235, he approved the Order of Our Lady of Mercy for the redemption of non-Christian captives. Pope Gregory IX Latin language: Gregorius IX (born Ugolino di Conti; c. 1145 or before 1170 – 22 August 1241), was Pope from 19 March 1227 to his death in 1241. On March 19, 1227, 80-year-old cardinal Ugolino di Segni became Pope Gregory IX. Emeritus Professor of Medieval History, Syracuse University, New York. The propaganda war that accompanied the renewed hostilities is noted more for vitriolic than for reasoned argumentation. He received his education at the Universities of Paris and Bologna. He served as cardinal-protector of the Franciscans and adviser to St. Clare of Assisi, the founder of the Poor Clares. He financially and otherwise assisted the Cistercians and the Teutonic Order. Frederick responded by an attack on the excommunication as unjustified and a denunciation of the Roman Curia. Pierpont Morgan Library. Hereupon the cardinals unanimously elected Ugolino on 19 March, 1227, and he reluctantly accepted the high honour, taking the name of Gregory IX. The Black Death came in 1347. Upon the request of King Louis IX of France, Gregory sent Cardinal Romanus as legate to assist the king in his crusade against the Albigenses (also known as the Cathars). Pope Gregory IX was a supporter of mendicant orders, in which he saw an excellent tool to counter the craving for luxury inherent in many clergymen. In Germany, the pope's actions had little effect. Two of the three were Ugolino and Conrad of Urach. To frustrate these plans, Frederick II attempted to capture or sink as many ships carrying prelates to the synod as he could. Gregory IX was elevated to the papacy in the papal electionof 1227. He also worked to alleviate the hard lot of the Christians in the Holy Land. Pope Gregory IX (Latin: Gregorius IX; born Ugolino di Conti; c. 1145 or before 1170 – 22 August 1241) was Bishop of Rome, and as such, head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 19 March 1227 to his death. A new outbreak of hostility led to a fresh excommunication of the emperor and to a prolonged war. 9917774, citing Saint Peter's Basilica, Vatican City ; Maintained by Find A Grave . It can be seen in the Stanza della Segnatura in the Vatican.. Fresco of Gregory IX Approving the Decretals - In 1511 Raphael created the fresco showing the 13th-century scene of Pope Gregory IX Approving the Decretals. Gregory IX died soon after, his work unfinished. His bull Parens scientiarum of 1231 resolved differences between the philosophically minded professors of his alma mater, the University of Paris, and more conservative local authorities. After the accession of Innocent III to the papal throne, Ugolino, who was a nephew of Innocent III, was successively appointed papal chaplain, […] Moreover, the struggle between the Guelphs, supporting the papacy, and the Ghibellines, supporting the emperor, was intensifying. A man of unquestioned personal piety, he was a supporter of the new monastic orders led by Saint Francis and Saint Dominic. To his credit, Gregory is considered to have been one of the most energetic popes of his time. No definitions of separate spheres of authority would ever again overcome the reality of the fears that dominated both the papal Curia and secular powers. First, consider the dates: Pope Gregory IX’s papal bull was issued between 1232 and 1234. Despite dwindling support, Frederick was able to conquer Cyprus and successfully negotiated with Sultan Al-Kamil of Egypt for Jerusalem, resulting in his temporary recognition as king of the Holy City. Like his predecessors, Ugo firmly supported the crusading movement, and it was from his hands that Frederick II took the cross as a symbol of his intention to lead a crusade. A remarkably skillful and learned lawyer, Gregory IX initiated the Nova Compilatio decretalium (New Compilation of Decretals), which was promulgated in numerous copies in 1234. In the long term, however, the papacy as conceived by Gregory IX and the empire as conceived by Frederick II could not exist together in peace. Frederick and his army had set sail from Brindisi for Acre in the Holy Land, but an epidemic forced Frederick to return to Italy. Still, it was his quickness to anger and his impatience with opposition that marked the character of his pontificate. He was a friend of St. Dominic, as well as Francis of Assisi. New World Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article Twice before 1210 he served Innocent as a papal legate in Germany. Though he was already far advanced in age (being more than eighty years old), he was still full of energy. Frederick’s invasion of Sardinia, a papal fief, on behalf of the candidacy of his son Enzio for the Sardinian crown, led to a renewal of the excommunication on March 20, 1239, and caused Gregory to seek supporters in northern Italy. In this lesson, we will focus on this rivalry as well as other accomplishments of the 13th-century pope. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. Born about 1145, at Anagni in the Campagna; died 22 August, 1241, at Rome. Gregory's supplement completed Gratian's work, and helped provide the foundation for the mature papal legal theory. Pope Gregory IX (Latin: Gregorius IX); born Ugolino di Conti; c. 1145 or before 1170 – 22 August 1241) was Pope of the Catholic Church from 19 March 1227 to his death in 1241. n original name Ugolino of Segni . Ugolino appreciated the role of the emerging mendicant orders, and at the request of the future Saint Francis, Pope Honorius appointed Ugolino protector of the Franciscan order in 1220. After living a life devoted to God, Francis was canonized as a Saint just two years after his death on July 16, 1228, by his former protector, Pope Gregory IX. Gregory IX believed the problem of heresy needed serious attention and was not content with leaving it to the local bishops. Pope Gregory IX (Latin: Gregorius IX; c. 1145 – 22 August 1241), born Ugolino di Conti, was Pope from 19 March 1227 to his death in 1241. His imperial manifesto was read publicly by his Ghibelline allies in Rome, and the imperial party in Rome rose in protest against the pope. a cardinal for 28.3 years (Elected Pope) a pope for 14.3 years Ordained Priest: Bishop João Rol (Raol, Raolis) † (1239) After this, on March 19, Ugolino was elected unanimously, although he was already more than 80 years of age. He played many roles, including canon lawyer, theologian, defender of papal prerogatives and diplomat. This war marked the end of the policy of negotiation. Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership. Shortly after his creation as a cardinal-deacon by his uncle in 1198, he was involved in peace negotiations with Markwald of Anweiler in southern Italy. His restoration of the right of scholars to use Aristotle as an authority was an important and progressive intellectual reform. Omissions? The truce between Gregory and Frederick II was severely strained in 1235 by imperial accusations that the Pope had been working with the Lombards of northern Italy to undermine imperial influence. He also entered into negotiations with the Greek Orthodox Church that resulted in a series of conferences at Nicaea in January 1234 but proved abortive. Gregory IX, original name Ugo, or Ugolino, Di Segni, (born before 1170—died Aug. 22, 1241, Rome), one of the most vigorous of the 13th-century popes (reigned 1227–41), a canon lawyer, theologian, defender of papal prerogatives, and founder of the papal Inquisition. Gregory IX . In April, 1229, he gave new statutes to the Carmelites. Gregory, still a fugitive in Perugia since 1228, returned to Rome in February, 1230. Gregory IX was elevated to the papacy in the papal election of 1227.He took the name "Gregory" because he formally assumed the papal office at the monastery of Saint Gregory ad Septem Solia. The successor of Pope Honorius III (1216–27), he fully inherited the traditions of Pope Gregory VII (1073–85) and of his uncle Pope Innocent III (1198-1216), and zealously continued their policy of Papal supremacy. He enjoyed not only the support of the Pope but also that of the youthful emperor-elect, Frederick II, king of Sicily, whose cause he had supported during the reign of Innocent III. Updates? Germanos, Patriarch of Constantinople, had written a letter to Gregory, in which he acknowledged the papal primacy, but also complained of the persecution of the Greeks by the Catholic crusaders. He took the name "Gregory" because he formally assumed the papal office at the monastery of Saint Gregory ad Septem Solia. Gregory IX had been a personal friend and supporter of the future saints Francis and Dominic. Gregory continued the policies of his predecessors against heresy in southern France and northern Italy. Pope canonized Francis of Assisi and many other saints popular in Catholicism, including Elizabeth of Hungary and Anthony of Padua. Ugo was a deeply religious man, closely attuned to the great spiritual movements of his time. He was friend to both St. Dominic and St. Francis of Assisi, founders of the first mendicant orders. Already suspicious of Frederick’s sincerity, the Pope excommunicated him on Sept. 29, 1227, and issued a pained and angry encyclical to justify his action. Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com: accessed ), memorial page for Pope Gregory IX (1170–22 Aug 1241), Find a Grave Memorial no. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. About 84 when he was elected, he was a vigorous pope despite his age. Indulgence : manuscript, granted in 1241. During his papacy a number of the members of the reformist Pataria sect were arrested in Rome and burned at the stake in 1231, with others imprisoned in the Benedictine monasteries of Monte Cassino and Cava. Papal inquisitors had authority over everyone except bishops and their officials. Pierpont Morgan Library. In 1222 he joined the Dominican Order, and shortly thereafter (1229) was called to Rome to serve as the Grand Penitentiary (the chief canonist) by Pope Gregory IX (1145-1241, in office 1227-1241). eval(ez_write_tag([[300,250],'newworldencyclopedia_org-large-mobile-banner-1','ezslot_3',169,'0','0'])); On the other hand, his standards of person piety were beyond reproach, and his support of the mendicant orders constituted a step toward reforming the luxurious culture of the Catholic Church's upper echelons. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. While Gregory denied the charge, the work of the Dominicans among heretics in northern Italy, many of whom were leagued with Frederick’s supporters, did provide a foundation for imperial fears. Dominic and St. Francis of Assisi of Egypt for Jerusalem arranged and there was peace between pope and him. 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