[96] He refused to shave, showing utter contempt for the hated French occupation. [b] Among other things, Julius wanted possession of Venetian Romagna; Emperor Maximilian I wanted Friuli and Veneto; Louis XII wanted Cremona, and Ferdinand II desired the Apulian ports. Pastor, VI, pp. [45] Kellogg, Baynes & Smith, continue, a "rivalry had, however, gradually grown up between [della Rovere] and [then-Cardinal] Rodrigo Borgia, and on the death of Innocent VIII in 1492 Borgia by means of a secret agreement and simony with Ascanio Sforza succeeded in being elected by a large majority, under the name of Pope Alexander VI." Eubel, II, p. 56, nos.649 and 651. [109] On Christmas Eve, Julius ordered Paris to summon the College of Cardinals and the Sacristan of the Apostolic Palace, quia erat sic infirmus, quod non-speraret posse diu supravivere. The body was placed for a time at the Altar of Saint Andrew in the Basilica and was then carried by the Imperial Ambassador, the papal Datary, and two of Paris' assistants to the altar of the Chapel of Pope Sixtus, where the Vicar of the Vatican Basilica performed the final absolution. After his uncle died in 1484, he influenced the elevation of Cardinal Cibo to the papacy as Innocent VIII, and he presumably also influenced most of the pope's decisions. Born: 5-Dec-1443 Birthplace: Albisola, Italy Died: 21-Feb-1513 Location of death: Rome, Italy Cause of death: Fever Remains: Buried, St. Peter's Basilica, Vatican City. [9] His successor, Pope Leo X, along with Emperor Maximilian, would re-establish the status quo ante bellum by ratifying the treaties of Brussels and Noyon in 1516; France regained control of Milan after the victory of Francis I at the Battle of Marignano, and Spain was recognized as the direct ruler of Naples. Through Cardinal della Rovere, Sangallo had presented Charles VIII a plan for a palace, and in 1496 he had made a tour of the architectural monuments of Provence,[117] returning to his native Florence in 1497. He appointed Giuliano as the first archbishop. On 23 April 1494, the Cardinal took ship, having placed his fortress at Ostia in the hands of his brother Giovanni della Rovere, and traveled to Genoa and then to Avignon. Pope Julius is a member of famous Celebrity list. The bull was submitted to the Council fathers for their consideration and ratification. Pastor, VI, p. 431. Julius II was described by Machiavelli in his works as the ideal prince. After the ceremonies of the election of Pope Innocent were completed, the cardinals were dismissed to their own homes, but Cardinal della Rovere accompanied the new Pope to the Vatican Palace and was the only one to remain with him. "...he was so ill that he did not expect to be able to stay alive very long." Giuliano was traveling back and forth from Lyon to Avignon, raising troops. Dumesnil, pp. He had four siblings: Bartolomeo, later Bishop of Ferrara; Leonardo; Giovanni, later Prefect of the City of Rome and Prince of Sorea and Senigallia; and Lucina, mother of Cardinal Sisto Gara della Rovere. However, Pius III died after a short reign of 26 days, paving the way for his ascension as Pope Julius II, which he still secured by offering bribes and making great promises to the cardinals. [94] The Venetians, on making humble submission, were absolved at the beginning of 1510, and shortly afterward France was placed under papal interdict. Both houses desired an end to the occupation of Italian lands by the armies of France. [12] He had three brothers: Bartolomeo, a Franciscan friar who then became Bishop of Ferrara (1474–1494);[13] Leonardo; and Giovanni, Prefect of the City of Rome (1475–1501)[14] and Prince of Sorea and Senigallia. Date of birth : 1443-12-05 Date of death : 1513-02-21 Birthplace : Albisola, Republic of Genoa Nationality : Italian Category : Historian personalities Last modified : 2011-08-25 Pope Julius II, who was pope from 1503 to 1513, was a noted Renaissance patron of the arts. [66], On 21 June 1502, Pope Alexander sent his secretary, Francesco Troche (Trochia), and Cardinal Amanieu d'Albret (brother-in-law of Cesare Borgia) to Savona to seize Cardinal della Rovere by stealth and bring him back to Rome as quickly as possible and turn him over to the Pope. In the spring of 1509, the Republic of Venice was placed under an interdict by Julius,[92] In May 1509 Julius sent troops to fight against the Venetians who had occupied parts of the Romagna, winning back the Papal States in a decisive battle near Cremona. [41] On 28 June the Pope sent back to Naples the token gift of a palfrey which symbolized the King of Naples' submission and demanded the full feudal submission of the Kingdom of Naples to the Roman Church according to long-standing tradition. Pope was born on December 5, 1443 in Vatican..Pope is one of the famous and trending celeb who is popular for being a Celebrity. In June Federico of Altamura was back in Rome and held conversations with Della Rovere, assuring him of Neapolitan protection. [126] The Venetians, who were implacably opposed to the pope's new military policy, were among the most vociferous opponents; notable among them was the diarist Girolamo Priuli. [11], Giuliano della Rovere Albisola was born near Savona in the Republic of Genoa. All the tombs of the Borgias must be opened and their bodies sent back to where they belong – to Spain. The prestige of the della Rovere family was seriously damaged, and in an attempt to exculpate himself Pope Innocent began to withdraw his support for them. [116] He did much to improve and beautify the city. [16][17], Della Rovere, as a young man, showed traits of being rough, coarse and given to bad language. The Sala de Papi was redecorated by two pupils of Raphael by order of Pope Leo X. A simple marble tombstone marks the site. Beyond Julius II's political and military achievements, he enjoys a title to honor in his patronage of art, architecture, and literature. Julius II brought the Catholic Ferdinand II of Aragon into the alliance, declaring Naples a papal fief and promising a formal investiture. [12] With a campaign in 1506, he personally led an army to Perugia and Bologna, freeing the two papal cities from their despots, Giampolo Baglioni and Giovanni II Bentivoglio. 10-11 (with a defective chronology). Also Known As: Fearsome Pope, Warrior Pope, Giuliano della Rovere, Spiritual & Religious Leaders Naples, even if recognized as a papal fief, was still under Spain and in fact Julius II was planning to end Spanish presence in the south. He was a friend and patron of Bramante and Raphael, and a patron of Michelangelo. He next focused on freeing entire Italy from the French, and in 1510-11, formed the Holy League, which initially only included the pope, the Venetians, and Spain. [125] This sexual reputation survived Julius, and the accusation continued to be made without reservation by Protestant opponents in their polemics against "papism" and Catholic decadence. However, … Once crowned, Julius II proclaimed instead his goal to centralize the Papal States (in large part a patchwork of communes and signorie) and "free Italy from the barbarians". In overturning the ban on beards Pope Julius challenged Gregorian conventional wisdom in dangerous times. "[108] Nonetheless, he continued his restless activities, including Masses, visits to churches, and audiences. However, he never neglected his duties as the spiritual head of the Church, and heard mass almost daily and often celebrated it himself. As part of the Renaissance program of reestablishing the glory of antiquity for the Christian capital, Rome, Julius II took considerable effort to present himself as a sort of emperor-pope, capable of leading a Latin-Christian empire. He was nevertheless the first pope since antiquity to grow facial hair, a practice otherwise forbidden by canon law since the 13th century. Pope Julius II, who was better known as the 'Fearsome Pope' to his colleagues and as the 'Warrior Pope' to common people, was the head of the Roman Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 1503 to 1513. The papacy gained control of Parma and Piacenza in central Italy. The same year he organized the renowned Swiss Guards for his personal protection and commanded a successful campaign in Romagna against local lords. Cardinal Raffaele Riario, the Dean of the College of Cardinals and Bishop of Ostia, presided. [22][23][24], In 1474, Giuliano led an army to Todi, Spoleto, and Città di Castello as papal legate. Julius II, original name Giuliano della Rovere, (born Dec. 5, 1443, Albisola, Republic of Genoa—died Feb. 21, 1513, Rome), greatest art patron of the papal line (reigned 1503–13) and one of the most powerful rulers of his age. [64], Pope Alexander then turned his attention, stimulated by the Venetians, to the threat of the Osmanli Turks. His costly concern with the arts and politics alienated northern Europe and helped pave the way for the Reformation. His remains were laid alongside his uncle, Pope Sixtus IV, but following the Sack of Rome in 1527, they were moved to St. Peter's Basilica. Please Like other favourites! With some courage Julius marched his army to Bologna and then against the French to Mirandola. This was an age of Renaissance conspiracy. Döllinger, p. 419, for the original Latin. When a desperate battle felled over 20,000 men in a bloodbath the Pope commanded his protege, a newly released young Cardinal Medici to re-take Florence with a Spanish army. He proved to be an able administrator and helped to reform the government of the Papal States. Julius II, Pope, 1443-1513. Conradus Eubel, Hierarchia catholica medii aevi, sive Summorum pontificum, S.R.E. From the beginning, Julius II set out to defeat the various powers that challenged his temporal authority; in a series of complicated stratagems, he first succeeded in rendering it impossible for the Borgias to retain their power over the Papal States. His rivals included Cardinal Ardicio della Porta and Cardinal Ascanio Sforza, both patronized by the Milanese. His manner was gruff and coarse, just as his peasant-like sense of humour. On 18 April 1506 Pope Julius II laid the foundation stone of the new St. Peter's Basilica for the successful architect, Donato Bramante. Pope Julius II. Pope Julius II's health gradually declined following his successful campaign against the French, and he had remarked about his failing health to Paris de Grassis in May 1512. He was known as "the Warrior Pope." Julius II is usually depicted with a beard, after his appearance in the celebrated portrait by Raphael, the artist whom he first met in 1509. It was being reported in France by June 1496, moreover, that King Charles intended to have a papal election in France and to have Cardinal della Rovere elected pope. Thenceforward, all popes were bearded until the death of Pope Innocent XII in 1700. Pastor, VI, p. 121, note §. [83] Perugia voluntarily surrendered in March 1507 to direct control, as it had always been within the Papal States; it was in these endeavors he had enlisted French mercenaries. 6 from Germany (Pope Gregory V, Pope Clement II, Pope Damasus II, Pope Victor II, Pope Leo IX, and Pope Benedict XVI) 4 from Greece ( Pope Anacletus , Pope Hyginus , Pope Eleutherius , and Pope Sixtus II ) [12] The King entered Rome with his army on 31 December 1495, with Giuliano della Rovere riding on one side and Cardinal Ascanio Sforza riding on the other. The idea was not his, but originally that of Nicholas V, who had commissioned designs from Bernardo Rossellino. His remains lay alongside his uncle, Pope Sixtus IV, but were later desecrated during the Sack of Rome in 1527. Julius did not neglect the Papacy and the Church. Giuliano held the archdiocese until his later election to the papacy. The Lateran Council that formed the Holy League marked a high point in his personal success. [48] In that same month, Federico of Altamura, the second son of King Ferdinando (Ferrante) of Naples was in Rome to pay homage to the new pope, and he reported back to his father that Alexander and Cardinal Sforza were working on establishing new alliances, which would upset Ferrante's security arrangements. The Top 25 Wrestling Announcers Of All Time, Famous Role Models You Would Like To Meet, 16th Century Spiritual & Religious Leaders. However, his influence over the pope had earned him several enemies and a rivalry with Cardinal Rodrigo Borgia, who was able to influence the majority of votes and was elected as Pope Alexander VI. Della Rovere, however, had enemies, both because of the influence he had exercised over Pope Sixtus IV and because of his French sympathies. Long before he became Pope, Julius had a violent temper. It must be crossed out of every document and memorial. Pastor, VI, p. 61 with note ||. [1] One of the most powerful and influential popes, Julius II was a central figure of the High Renaissance and left a significant cultural and political legacy. Julius II personally led the Papal armed forces at the victorious Siege of Mirandola and, despite subsequent defeats and great losses at the Battle of Ravenna, he ultimately forced the French troops of Louis XII to retreat behind the Alps after the arrival of Swiss mercenaries from the Holy Roman Empire. [59] They then moved on to meet the King at Chinon, where Cesare Borgia fulfilled one of the terms of the treaty between Louis and Alexander by producing the red hat of a cardinal, which had been promised for the Archbishop of Rouen, Georges d'Amboise. [57] His benefices were restored to him after an apparent reconciliation with the Pope in August 1498. This is a list of Roman Catholic popes by nationality. Yet Machiavelli and his methods would not outlast Julius' Papacy. The interests of Julius II lay also in the New World as he ratified the Treaty of Tordesillas, establishing the first bishoprics in the Americas and beginning the catholicization of Latin America. As the Belford-Clarke edition of the unauthorized. However, he also began the demolition of the old St. Peter's Basilica, which had stood for more than 1,100 years. 364-365; 406-412. His responsibilities included making peace between King Louis XI and Emperor Maximilian of Austria, raising funds for a war against the Ottoman Turks and negotiating the release of Cardinal Jean Balue and Bishop Guillaume d'Harancourt. His reign must be obliterated. "[71] Indeed, his election on 1 November 1503 took only a few hours, and the only two votes he did not receive were his own and the one of Georges d'Amboise, his most vigorous opponent and the favourite of the French monarchy. He was the nephew of Pope Sixtus IV. Neither the King of France nor the Holy Roman Emperor was satisfied with merely effecting the purposes of the Pope; the latter found it necessary to enter into an arrangement with the Venetians to defend himself from those who immediately before had been his allies. [40] On Palm Sunday, 20 March, Cardinal della Rovere, concealing his activities from his principal rival, Cardinal Rodrigo Borgia (later Pope Alexander VI), rode out of Rome and took ship at Ostia, intending to head for Genoa and Avignon to prepare to wage war between the Church and the King of Naples, Ferdinand I (Ferrante). Della Rovere was in favor of the marriage, but, according to Pope Alexander, King Louis XII was not, and, most especially, Carlotta was stubbornly refusing her consent. Giuliano was an altar boy of his uncle Pope Sixtus IV (Francesco della Rovere). Pastor, VI, pp. The Bishop of Como, Scaramuccia Trivulzio, then read from the pulpit a bull of Pope Julius, Si summus rerum, dated that very day and containing within its text the complete bull of 14 January 1505, Cum tam divino. Following the death of Innocent VIII, he was his logical successor and had support from both King Charles VIII of France and Charles' enemy King Ferrante of Naples. All paintings made of the Borgias or for them must be covered over with black crepe. [125] Such accusations were made to discredit him, but perhaps in so doing his accusers were exploiting a generally "perceived weakness". Pope Sixtus IV paid a formal visit to the newly restored building on 1 May 1482, and it may be that Giuliano was already in residence then. A warrior pope, he failed to bring Italy under papal control. Gregorovius, VII.2, pp. Pope Julius II was known for sponsoring some of the greatest artwork of the Italian Renaissance, including the … This re-asserted a strong relation between Florence and Rome, a lasting legacy of Julius II. On Palm Sunday, 1507, "Julius II entered Rome ... both as a second Julius Caesar, heir to the majesty of Rome's imperial glory, and in the likeness of Christ, whose vicar the pope was, and who in that capacity governed the universal Roman Church. Julius shaved his beard again before his death, and his immediate successors were clean-shaven; nonetheless Pope Clement VII sported a beard when mourning the sack of Rome. Julius was not the first pope to have fathered children before being elevated to high office, and had a daughter born to Lucrezia Normanni in 1483 – after he had been made a cardinal. [6] This is often presented in traditional historiography as the moment in which Renaissance Italy came the closest to unification after the end of the Italic League of the 15th century. Oxford University Press. In fact, after the death of Julius, war would resume and the treaties of Noyon and Brussels in 1516 will again formalize the division of much of Italy between French and Spanish influence. The pope's hirsute chin may have raised severe, even vulgar criticism, as at one Bologna banquet held in 1510 at which papal legate Marco Cornaro was present. For the accomplishment of this task no pope was ever better suited than Julius, whom nature and circumstances had hewn out for a soldier. Julius II was succeeded by Pope Leo X. When Julius is asked why he makes a point of declaring his nationality, he responds, “I consider it the very height of piety to ennoble my nation” (p.56). He also had a sister, Lucina (later the mother of Cardinal Sisto Gara della Rovere). Ferdinand of Spain now recognized Naples as a papal fief, invested in 1511, and therefore Julius II now regarded France as the main foreign power in the Italian peninsula hostile to Papal interests. After Alexander VI died in 1503, Giuliano della Rovere returned to Rome as a strong candidate for the papacy, but the old and sickly Francesco Piccolomini ascended the papal throne as Pius III. Having established the ideal position of pope and prince, it remains to be seen which Julius II is more rightly called. The marriage produced a complete volta facie in Pope Alexander. "Accompanying the young king on his military campaign, [della Rovere] entered Rome along with him, and endeavoured to instigate the convocation of a council to inquire into the conduct of the pope with a view to [deposing him], but Alexander, having gained a friend in Charles VIII's minister. Where promises and persuasions were unavailing, he did not hesitate to have recourse to bribery. In 1506, he personally led an army to Perugia and Bologna to free the two papal cities from despots Giampolo Baglioni and Giovanni II Bentivoglio. The chief task of his pontificate he saw in the firm establishment and the extension of the temporal power. [33][34], On 3 November 1483, Cardinal della Rovere was named Bishop of Bologna and Papal Legate, succeeding Cardinal Francesco Gonzaga, who had died on 21 October. In 1508, he commissioned the Raphael Rooms and Michelangelo's paintings in the Sistine Chapel. Other more pressing problems distracted the attention of Nicholas and subsequent popes, but Julius was not the sort of person to be distracted once he had settled on an idea, in this case, for the greatest building on earth, for the glory of Saint Peter and himself. Marino Sanuto, I, p. 555. 492-493. He became an open partisan of the French and Venice, and accepted their goal, the destruction of the Sforza hold on Milan. With the French out of Italy and Spain recognizing Naples as a papal fief, a Congress was held in Mantua by Julius II to declare the liberation of the peninsula. Eubel, II, p. 56, no 652. Mansi, pp. Even then, he could be dispensed. In 1484 Cardinal Giuliano della Rovere had begun negotiations to persuade Marquis Francesco Gonzaga of Mantua to allow Andrea Mantegna to come to Rome, which finally bore fruit in 1488; Mantegna was given the commission to decorate the chapel of the Belvedere for Pope Innocent VIII, on which he spent two years.[115]. "[97], Whereupon Julius entered into another Holy League of 1511: in alliance with Ferdinand II of Aragon and the Venetians he conspired against the Gallican liberties. List Thumbnail. On the morning of 24 June Paris found the Pope debilem et semifebricantem. As he was returning to the north, his army was defeated at the Battle of Foronovo on 5 July 1495, and his Italian adventure came to an end. "[130], Charles VIII and the French war over Naples, the brother of Francesco della Rovere, later, (also known as the "War of the League of Cambrai". [84], Urbino's magnificent court palace was infiltrated by French soldiers in the pay of the Duke of Gonzaga; the Montefeltro Conspiracy against his loyal cousins earned the occupying armies the Pope's undying hatred. Early in his papacy, Julius decided to revive the plan for replacing the dilapidated Constantinian basilica of St. Peter's. [80], The Bull entitled Ea quae pro bono pacis, issued on 24 January 1506, confirmed papal approval of the mare clausum policy being pursued by Spain and Portugal amid their explorations, and approved the changes of the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas to previous papal bulls. Genoa and Venice supported the Papacy, while Florence and Milan opted for Naples. Pope Julius II was born as Giuliano della Rovere Albisola on December 5, 1443, in the Albisola near Savona in the Republic of Genoa to Raffaelo della Rovere and Theodora Manerola. Pastor VI, p. 440. Despite the fact that the so-called "Tomb of Julius" by Michelangelo is in San Pietro in Vincoli in Rome, Julius is in fact buried in the Vatican. When Swiss mercenaries came to the Pope's aid, the French army withdrew across the Alps into Savoy in 1512. [58], King Charles VIII of France, the last of the senior branch of the House of Valois, died on 7 April 1498 after accidentally striking his head on the lintel of a door at the Château d'Amboise. However, Julius II was far away from the possibility to form a single Italian kingdom, if that was his goal at all, since foreign armies were largely involved in his wars and the French were preparing new campaigns against the Swiss for Milan. Pope Julius II, who was pope from 1503 to 1513, was a noted Renaissance patron of the arts.A warrior pope, he failed to bring Italy under papal control. 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The ambassador of Ferrara stated, "While with his uncle [Della Rovere] had not the slightest influence, he now obtains whatever he likes from the new Pope. [65], Another break in relations between Pope Alexander and Cardinal Giuliano came at the end of 1501 or the beginning of 1502 when Giuliano was transferred from the Bishopric of Bologna to the diocese of Vercelli. A member of the Franciscan order, his career was significantly boosted when his uncle was elected as Pope Sixtus IV (1471). He also warned King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain that Alexander was intriguing with the French, which brought an immediate visit of a Spanish ambassador to the Pope. Paul Maria Baumgarten, in: W.R.Albury, Castiglione's Francescopaedia: Pope Julius II and Francesco Maria Della Rovere in The Book of the Courtier, Encyclopædia Britannica (2003) pp.648-649. The conclave capitulation preceding his election included several terms, such as the opening of an ecumenical council and the organization of a crusade against the Ottoman Turks. He reached Paris in September, and finally, on 20 December 1480, Louis gave orders that Balue be handed over to the Archpriest of Loudun, who had been commissioned by the Legate to receive him in the name of the Pope. 336-340; 346-348. Giuliano Della Rovere thenceforth took the name of his fourth-century predecessor, Julius I, and was pope for nine years, from 1503 to 1513. In a short time, both Henry VIII, King of England (1509–47), and Maximilian I also joined the Holy League of 1511 against France. [114] Michelangelo's tomb was not completed until 1545 and represents a much-abbreviated version of the planned original, which was initially intended for the new St. Peter's Basilica. Gender: Male Religion: Roman Catholic Race or Ethnicity: White Occupation: Religion. But urgent reports arrived from the King of Hungary that the Ottoman Sultan was threatening Italy. Pastor, VI, p. 209, citing the original sources and scholarship. He was educated among the Franciscans by his uncle, who took him under his special charge and later sent him to a convent in La Pérouse with the purpose of obtaining knowledge of the sciences. In spite of a violent temper della Rovere succeeded by dexterous diplomacy in winning the support of Cesare Borgia, whom he won over by his promise of money and continued papal backing for Borgia policies in the Romagna. The Archduke of Austria Maximilian I was hostile to France and Venice, and desired to descend in Italy in order to obtain the Papal coronation as Holy Roman Emperor. He returned to Rome in May in the company of Duke Federigo of Urbino, who promised his daughter in marriage to Giuliano's brother Giovanni, who was subsequently named Lord of Senigallia and of Mondovì. He held the diocese until 1502. 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