Home. The Midwest's leader in accessibility options for home, auto, and business. Ramps shall have a maximum slope of one unit vertical in twelve units horizontal (8.3 percent slope). A framing square is invaluable for building a ramp. Exterior accessible routes may include parking access aisles, curb ramps, crosswalks at vehicular ways, walks, ramps, and lifts. Wheelchair Lifts. Ramps should be a minimum width of 36” for residential properties, and 48” for commercial or bariatric use. Permanent ramps are subject to local building codes whether being constructed in a residential or commercial application. A number of funding sources are available to assist in paying for wheelchair ramps and accessibility solutions for homes and personal use. The use of handicap ramps is essential to the welfare of those who depend on them to safely access and exit buildings or other areas that would otherwise be inaccessible to them. Thanks for your helpful question about the definition of an "accessible route of travel". Mobility-impaired people, such as wheelchair users, require ramps to access different levels. - Florida Building Code 1010.10 Guards. Read more about the dangers of homemade ramps here. Ramps shall have a maximum slope of one unit vertical in twelve units horizontal (8.3 percent slope). Details are at GRASPABILITY of HANDRAILINGS. Wheelchair Ramp Building Specs. Residential Accessibility Ramps. In the Definitions section of that document you'll find helpful definitions of ramp slope and accessible route and other terms. Tutorials, Calculators, and Building Codes. ADA Ramp Slope Requirements of a 1:12 handicap ramp slope ratio which works out to be one foot of ramp for each inch of rise. International Residential Code — 2 — PROPOSAL STOCKINDESIGN.COM DEPARTMENT OF CONSUMER & REGULATORY AFFAIRS Guide to building a ramp for your home. The requirements described in NCC and the Australian Standards though (mainly AS 1428.1 2009), are not mandatory for all types of residential environments, where more choices are available and the ramp design is more flexible. The use of handicap ramps is essential to the welfare of those who depend on them to safely access and exit buildings or other areas that would otherwise be inaccessible to them. Wheelchair Canada says the landing should typically be 60 inches by 60 inches. Your local building code however may have its own variations so please always check your local building codes as well before you plan to build a wheelchair ramp. Intermediate handrails. If you are building a residential wheelchair ramp or using it to access your vehicle we recommend referring to these guidelines so you can be sure you are building a safe ramp. Today, we have the best Modular Aluminum Ramp on the market for both residential and commercial applications and it’s 100% Canadian made. Lifts. Steps and Stairways, Cleo Baldon & Ib Melchior, Rizzoli, 1989. The landing platform size should be at least as wide as the ramp and a minimum of 60 inches long. Information on the ADA (Americans with Disabilities Act) federal building codes for wheelchair ramps. Handrails are not required on curb ramps. to floor, wall or post. A ramp must have a level surface known as a landing at the top and the bottom of the ramp. These building codes are based on section R311.8.1 on page 61 of the 2012 International Residential Code. 1979) with a friend, demonstrating that this building access ramp was unsafe: a railing was provided only on one side despite the drop off, and the railing that the carpenters installed was both open (a child hazard), and used a horizontal mid-height member, easily climbed-on by a child (another child hazard). Stairlifts. The Ontario Building Code | Ramp Slope 3.4.6.7. R311.8 Ramps. We install ramps throughout Virginia, Maryland, Washington D.C., and North Carolina. 1003.3.3.11.3 Handrail grasp ability. All walks, halls, corridors, aisles, skywalks, tunnels, and other spaces that are part of an accessible route shall comply with 4.3. Just knowing the ADA requirements is not enough to guarantee that your homemade ramp will be safe. Read more about the dangers of homemade ramps here. All of the model building codes contain descriptions of graspable and non-graspable handrailings by dimension, shape, profile, support, obstructions and other parameters. Ramp Calculator and 2012 IRC Building Codes. Accessible Systems is a certified wheelchair, modular ramp seller and installer. If the handrail is not circular, it shall have a perimeter dimension of at least 4 inches (102 mm) and not greater than 6.25 inches (159 mm) with a maximum cross-section dimension of 2.25 inches (57 mm). Commentary: This section provides for the safety and maintenance of handrails and guards. ACCESSIBILITY PRODUCTS. Also see GUARDRAILS on BALCONIES, DECKS, LANDINGS. Extensions shall return to a wall, guard, or the landing surface, or shall be Wheelchair Canada says the landing should typically be 60 inches by 60 inches. If you are using speed square then make the angles 4.76º, 5.71º, or 7.13º respectively. We provide Code compliant Accessibility Solutions to Residential and Commercial clients. The handrail must remain continuous. "Are Functional Handrails Within Our Grasp" Jake Pauls, Slips, Trips, Missteps and Their Consequences, Second Edition, Gary M. Bakken, H. Harvey Cohen,A. That is less steep and thus easier to negotiate. Is this access ramp handrailing (photo at left) actually graspable? Our local code, UBC, 1003.3.4.3 starts with the maximum slope of 1:12 in "an accessible route of travel", other ramps can be 1:8. Changes in level are not permitted. While the landing platform assists the users of this access ramp, what we had specified was that the ramp bottom end terminate at grade, without a step. It must be at a height between 34″ and 38″. The minimum clear width of an accessible route shall be 36 in (915 mm) except at doors (see 4.13.5 and 4.13.6). At the end of the ramp, construct a landing out of either concrete or the same materials as the ramp. Products. ADA Wheelchair Ramp Code, ADA Guidelines & ADA Compliant. PM-305.6 Handrails and guards: Every handrail and guard shall be firmly fastened and capable of supporting normally imposed loads and shall be maintained in good condition. Next Project › If you have a family member or friend with mobility challenges or you're dealing with one yourself, installing a wheelchair ramp can allow for a safe and independent lifestyle. If handrails PM-702.9 Stairways, handrails and guards: Every exterior and interior flight of stairs having more than four risers, and every open portion of a stair, landing or balcony which is more than 30 inches (762mm) high, nor more than 42 inches (1067mm) high, measured vertically above the nosing of the tread or above the finished floor of the landing or walking surfaces. Handrails shall not rotate within their Ramps having slopes exceeding one vertical to 15 horizontal shall have handrails or stair rails as required for stairways, except that intermediate stair rails shall not be required. ISBN 10: 1-933264-01-2, Ramp Guide. Sample excerpts of sources which a building code compliance inspector would be expected to cite in support of requiring a properly-designed, properly-secured guard rail include but are not limited to the citations below. eligible for RAMP funding as it may be anticipated that they will be using a wheelchair within 12 months) submit a complete application package for eligibility assessment within program guidelines . Ramp Landing requirement: Ramps shall have landings at the bottom and top of each ramp, points of turning, entrance, exits and at doors and in accordance with Section 11-4.8.4. Today, we have the best Modular Aluminum Ramp on the market for both residential and commercial applications and it’s 100% Canadian made. run with a rise greater than 6 inches (152 mm) and shall 3. 2009 International Residential Code. ADA Code Compliance Require a … Click to Show or Hide Citations & References, APPENDIX A to Part 1191 - Americans with Disabilities Act ADA ACCESSIBILITY GUIDELINES FOR BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES, IRELAND (Northern Ireland) STAIR GUARD LANDING RAMP CODE, ARTICLE INDEX to STAIRS RAILINGS LANDINGS RAMPS, HOME INSPECTION EDUCATION COURESES (Canada), HOME INSPECTION EDUCATION: HOME STUDY COURSES. In a residential setting, a ramp must have a slope of 1:10, that is, for every inch (or centimetre) of vertical height, there will be 10 inches (or … ... BUILDING A WHEELCHAIR RAMP. ADA (Americans with Disabilities Act), Public Law 101-336. R311.8.1 Maximum slope. That’ll give you the ending point from the house (not the actual ramp length), if the ramp is built in a straight line. We provide Code compliant Accessibility Solutions to Residential and Commercial clients. In addition to ADA requirements, the local building code may impose additional or substitute requirements that must be followed in the given … Building access ramp specifications & codes: This document provides building code specifications addressing ramp construction, ramp safety and proper Richmond Ramps specializes in residential wheelchair ramps. Residential unoccupied use: For residential use, when nobody is sitting in the wheelchair or scooter while it climbs the ramp, we recommend a 3:12 slope (14.5° incline), which means that every 3" of vertical rise requires at least 1' (12") of ramp … Remember that some Residential Ramp Code coupons only apply to selected items, so make sure all the items in your cart are eligible to be applied the code before … Never attempt to use a wheelchair on a ramp with a slope steeper than 3:12 (14.5° incline). Residential ramp applications are not required to follow the commercial code, instead they are suggested to feature a slope up to a 2:12 ratio, or one foot of ramp for every 2 inches of vertical rise. See Section PM-702.9 for additional requirements. EXCERPT – ADA Code for Handicap Ramps: A ramp must have a level surface known as a landing at the top and the bottom of the ramp. Top of the handrail gripping surface shall be not For inquiries on wheelchair ramps and other accessibility solutions for home use, either click the “request a free estimate button” or call 888-715-7598. and shall be parallel with the floor or ground surface. Click for an Estimate Call: 888-715-7598. Note: appearance of your Comment below may be delayed: if your comment contains an image, web link, or text that looks to the software as if it might be a web link, your posting will appear after it has been approved by a moderator. Interior accessible routes may include corridors, floors, ramps, elevators, lifts, and clear floor space at fixtures. Appendix Note. ANSI A117.4 Accessible and Usable buildings and Facilities (earlier version was incorporated into the ADA), ASTM F 1637, Standard Practice for Safe Walking Surfaces, (Similar to the above standards), ADA 4.8.2 - see APPENDIX A [PDF] for the ADA live link given above. 100333.11.4 Continuity. All information is general in nature and may not necessarily apply to … At the start of a ramp, identification of the handrail together with a discernible change in luminance between level and sloping floor surfaces will give visual indications of a gradient change. of handrails shall be either rounded or returned smoothly Continue reading at RAMP LANDING CODES or select a topic from the closely-related articles below, or see the complete ARTICLE INDEX. For commercial public access, a 1:12 ratio is required, check your local codes. Apologies for the delay. Our business began when we developed our own Modular Wheelchair Ramp system. Residential ramp applications are not required to follow the commercial code, instead they are suggested to feature a slope up to a 2:12 ratio, or one foot of ramp for every 2 inches of vertical rise. These recommendations are not always followed, even by the government. RAMP BUILDING CODES at InspectApedia.com - online encyclopedia of building & environmental inspection, testing, diagnosis, repair, & problem prevention advice. Wheelchair Ramp Building Specs. Guards are required on the open side of stairs and on landings and balconies which are more than 30 inches above the floor or grade below. Permanent ramps are those that are constructed or assembled in place and are left in place until demolished or disassembled. Handrails with a circular cross section shall have an outside diameter of at least 1.25 inches (32 mm) and not greater than 2 inches (51 mm) or shall provide equivalent grasp ability. Pool Lifts. If a person in a wheelchair must make a turn around an obstruction, the minimum clear width of the accessible route shall be as shown in Fig. "The Dimensions of Stairs", J. M. Fitch et al., Our recommended books about building & mechanical systems design, inspection, problem diagnosis, and repair, and about indoor environment and IAQ testing, diagnosis, and cleanup are at the. It includes 2012 IRC building code requirements. Residential applications can use a 2:12 slope ratio if space is an issue but only if an assistant is present to help push the wheelchair or to help a person walking on the ramp. Excerpt from "ADA Accessibility Guidelines (ADAAG)", 4.3.1* General. A wheelchair ramp is an inclined plane installed in addition to or instead of stairs.Ramps permit wheelchair users, as well as people pushing strollers, carts, or other wheeled objects, to more easily access a building, or navigate between areas of different height.Ramps for accessibility may predate the wheelchair and are … It is up to the homeowner or property owner to maintain a proper ramp incline for guest access. 1025). even where disabled individuals are not the design target. (965 mm) above the ramp surface. The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) is a U.S. Federal law that sets the standards for building safe wheelchair ramps for public facilities. 7/26/90 is very often cited by other sources for good design of stairs and ramps etc. Wheelchair users might use a handrail to pull themselves up a gradient they find challenging, combining a push on one wheel and a pull on the handrail with the other hand. AADL, PDD) Skip to content. A continuous unobstructed path connecting all accessible elements and spaces of a building or facility. As defined by the ADA, a ramp is a sloping route constructed with a slope greater than 1:20 (one inch of vertical rise for every 20 inches of horizontal length, or run) and must conform to the standard ADA specifications for ramps. (3) At least one accessible route shall connect accessible building or facility entrances with all accessible spaces and elements and with all accessible dwelling units within the building or facility. and shall be constructed in accordance with Section 1013. Building users who miss the transition between level and sloping surfaces risk falling. For those who are blind or have l… Our photo illustrates a high ramp crossing over a busy highway in Guadalajara, Mexico. EXCERPT – ADA Code for Handicap Ramps: Ramps must have a maximum slope of one inch per foot. Notice: Information on the MobilityBasics.ca web site is for informational purposes only and not meant to be a substitute for the advice provided by physicians, therapists or other medical professionals. The ramps must be safe to use for both the wheelchair user and able-bodied people. 4.3.3 Width. This implies that if more than one user of the property have ambulant disabilities the stairs should probably be kept, and the ramp … During an inspection the code official should inspect all stringers, risers, treads, and handrails. The Independence Series by Rampit USA is an all-aluminum, modular, wheelchair ramp system designed for providing freedom and access to life’s everyday tasks. Wheelchair ramp specifications are important to know whether you're purchasing a portable ramp or building an accessibility ramp for your home or business. ADA laws are designed to govern public accommodation rather than private. direction. Types of wheelchair ramps. Or use the SEARCH BOX found below to Ask a Question or Search InspectApedia. Ramp Slope (1) Except as required for aisles by Article 3.3.2.4., the maximum slope of a ramp shall be, (a) 1 in 10 in any assembly, care,care and treatment, detention or residential occupancy, (b) 1 in 6 in rooms or floor areas classified as mercantile occupancy or industrial occupancy, (c) 1 in 8 in any other floor area, and Ends Watch out: In the UBC where the slopes you ask about are discussed, a wheelchair ramp pitched at a 1:8 slope (1" of rise in every 8" of horizontal run) is the maximum slope allowed (be careful in reading websites as some sites don't understand slope and call this the minimum but in my lexicon the steepest slope would be the maximum or steepest slope allowed) - this isn't a recommended slope. RESIDENTIAL. Contact your local building inspector for additional information on ADA ramp requirements. NA4. The primary ADA guidelines for ramps involve the ramp slope and length, landing size and placement, and handrail construction. We also provide a MASTER INDEX to this topic, or you can try the page top or bottom SEARCH BOX as a quick way to find information you need. And this platform is probably too short in the direction of travel. The guardrail is continuous, probably has adequate strength, but lacks child-safe enclosing balusters. If the ramp exceeds a slope of one inch per foot then there must be a handrail. We offer ramps in a number of configurations for homeowners, and can provide systems made of aluminum or wood. page 61 of the 2012 International Residential Code. The information contained in this guide can be useful in building ramps for residents in the District of Columbia by aligning the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and the 2012 International Residen-tial Code … The ramp should be located in a logical position and be easily recognisable. 3) Where ramps described in Sentence (1) have a gradient not more than 1 in 12 and are not more than … Even for ramps that are just a few inches above the ground, railings improve ramp safety by providing additional visual clues about the ramp's slope as well as providing a grasping surface in case of a fall. This ramp calculator is ideally suited for planning and building a wheelchair accessible handicap ramp. Independence Series Residential wheelchair ramps. Wheelchair Ramp Specifications. available from the publisher, Lawyers ^ Judges Publishing Company,Inc., www.lawyersandjudges.com sales@lawyersandjudges.com, The Stairway Manufacturers' Association, (877) 500-5759, provides a pictorial guide to the stair and railing portion of the International Residential Code. less than 34 inches (864 mm) nor more than 38 inches Landings shall comply with Sections 1010.6.1 through 1010.6.5. Most residential applications do not need to meet ADA guidelines, requirements and specifications, but they are a good reference point for recommended ramp lengths. Guards are to contain intermediate rails, balusters or other construction to reduce the chance of an adult or child from falling through the guard. There must also be a landing where ramps change direction or a door swings out over the ramp. ADA Guidelines Require a Minimum 5' x 5' Flat, ... apply the code at coupon box then press “ENTER”. BOCA National Property Maintenance Code 1993: PM-305.5 Stairs and railings: all interior stairs and railings shall be maintained in sound condition and good repair. "The Elimination of Unsafe Guardrails, a Progress Report," Elliott O. Stephenson. conform to the requirements in Sections 1012. The next step in choosing the perfect wheelchair ramp is determining what type of ramp will best satisfy your specific needs. Add railings on your ramp: if the ramp crosses above a ditch, ravine, or is more than three feet from the ground at its highest point, a railing is likely to be required by local and national building codes. Most of our ramp systems can be installed in a matter of hours because they don’t require any construction, so you can depend on your ramp being available quickly. The ramps must be safe to use for both the wheelchair user and able-bodied people. These wheelchair ramp plans will help you to build and install a handicap ramp that's safe and efficient. These recommendations are not always followed, even by the government. And how is " other ramps " acceptable at 1:8. where required to be accessible. Ramp Landing slope: Landings shall have a slope not steeper than one unit vertical in 50 units horizontal (2-percent slope) in any 7(a) and (b). Handrails shall be provided along both sides of a ramp Edges [of th handrailing] shall have a minimum radius of 0.125 inch (3.2 mm). While the landing platform assists the users of this access ramp, what we had specified was that the ramp bottom end terminate at grade, without a step. Getting to your home should be an ordinary experience, not an obstacle. Just knowing the ADA requirements is not enough to guarantee that your homemade ramp will be safe. Additionally, ADA stipulates that no ramp can run longer than 30 consecutive feet without a rest or turn platform. Do not lay out your ramp so that it could become a launching pad! Handrail-gripping surfaces shall be continuous, without interruption by newel posts or other obstructions. (4) An accessible route shall connect at least one accessible entrance of each accessible dwelling unit with those exterior and interior spaces and facilities that serve the accessible dwelling unit. Ramps should be a minimum width of 36” for residential properties, and 48” for commercial or bariatric use. Aisles in Group A occupancies (see Section Code (NCC) and in the Australian Standards. Handrails are not required when the total ramp Accessible Systems is a certified wheelchair, modular ramp seller and installer. Safety features that need to be taken into account include the height and gradient of the ramp. (2) At least one accessible route shall connect accessible buildings, facilities, elements, and spaces that are on the same site. Landing platforms for ramps: Make sure the ramp is properly designed in width, structural support, and that it includes a landing both at the upper end at a building entry/exit door, and where required by local code or ground surface conditions, also provide a landing platform at the ramp's lower end. Guards shall be not less than 30 inches (762mm) high above the floor of the landing or balcony. InspectAPedia tolerates no conflicts of interest. Ramps are essential to allow wheelchair users and other mobility-impaired persons to access different levels of a structure lacking elevators or other lifts. Try the search box just below, or if you prefer, post a question or comment in the Comments box below and we will respond promptly. The "railings" along this ramp are not readily graspable, but as the ramp is nearly level, we considered them as a balcony railing not a handrail. Commentary: Handrails are required on all stairs more than four risers in height. These requirements don't apply to wheelchair ramps on residential property, but many homeowners will choose to follow them. ADA Standards Require wheelchair ramps to have a Minimum width of 36 inches of clear space across the wheelchair ramp. Knowing how to build a ramp to make your home more wheelchair-accessible will greatly enhance the quality of life for those who need it. Below we have outlined the characteristics and compared the advantages of four residential Why the difference? There is an exception that allows an absolute maximum of one inch rise for every eight inches of run because of site constraints. 1607.7 Loads on Handrails, guards, grab bars and vehicle barriers. - Florida Building Code 1010.8 Handrails. The guard must be at least 30 inches above the floor of the landing or balcony. Residential wheelchair ramps, also called modular ramps, make entry into a home easier for people that depend on a cane, walker, manual wheelchair, scooter, or power wheelchair. Get Funding for a Residential Wheelchair Ramp We understand that purchasing a wheelchair ramp for the home can be a large financial undertaking for some families, but we don’t want that to be the reason your … Whether you are ordering a wheelchair ramp for personal use or for a loved one that lives in another city or state, you can count on a local Amramp expert to get the job done right. Residential Wheelchair Ramps Travis Mather 2020-06-30T19:48:52+00:00. Please note: This guideline is only intended to highlight our interpretation of some of the ADA wheelchair Ramp … Information on wheelchair ramp standards and safety issues. ADA Ramp Specifications . Can you give the meaning of " an accessible route of travel? In June 2010, Parks Canada created a wheelchair ramp that was too steep and had … A ramp that is too steep, too narrow or slippery when it rains will be hazardous for anyone using the ramp and could end up causing injury … We have no relationship with advertisers, products, or services discussed at this website. RESIDENTIAL RAMPS 2009 International Residential Code. ADA Wheelchair Ramp Specifications and ADA Guidelines. run rise is 6 inches (152 mm) or less and the All you will need to determine a safe ramp length is a tape measure and a handy ramp slope calculator that you will find a link to below. These ramps provide safe access to users with wheelchairs or walkers and are also helpful for people with strollers. Choosing the perfect ramp depends on the user’s level of mobility, time frame needs, and lifestyle. Safety features that need to be taken into account include the height and gradient of the ramp. If the guard is missing some intermediate rails or balustrades, it is recommended that the guard be repaired to its original condition if it will provide protection equivalent to the protection it provided when originally constructed. The provision of intermediate handrails dividing a wide ramp into separate channels allows everyone to be in easy reach of support. Simply place the tongue on the calculated rise and place the blade on the selected run and the angle of the cut is set. For residential see out wide selection of ramp handicap ramps for homes. 1. 2) Except as permitted by > Sentences (3) and (5), handrails conforming to Article 3.4.6.5. - Florida Building Code … ramp railing and guardrail construction. Savaria Orion LU/LA. The ramp handrail extensions shown in this sketch are discussed in more detail at, International Building Code 2000 (BOCA, ICBO, SBCCI). Extensions shall return to a wall, guard, or the landing surface, or shall be continuous to the handrail of an adjacent ramp run. (1) At least one accessible route within the boundary of the site shall be provided from public transportation stops, accessible parking, and accessible passenger loading zones, and public streets or sidewalks to the accessible building entrance they serve. Below we provide a link to the full text of the ADA. Building codes are created to protect the health, safety and welfare of the general public. Text Us Now! Elevators. Know that ramp surfaces can become very slick under certain circumstances (ice, snow, water). For a residential wheelchair ramp slope, multiply the distance from the threshold to the ground by the preferred slope. Homelifts Cargo Lifts. A critical factor when designing or building a wheelchair ramp is slope - the ratio between the rise (vertical measurement) and run (horizontal measurement). Consider the following before you begin the design and construction of a wheelchair ramp. The wheelchair ramp requirements in North Carolina follow the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) Accessibility Guidelines. Exception: Where it is technically infeasible to comply because of site constraints, ramps may have a maximum slope of one unit … > [B.C. Building Code] shall be installed on both sides of ramps. The purpose of the California Building Code is to, “establish the minimum requirements to safeguard the public health, safety and general welfare” (California Building Code, 1.1.2). International Residential Code ... provides an overview of code compliance re-quirements for ramp construction and explains the specific steps involved in the process. 1607.7.1.1 Concentrated Load. Installing a wheelchair ramp gives you and guests a safe and reliable way to access your home; anyone can use a ramp whether they need assistance walking or if they are in a wheelchair or scooter. 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The maximum extent feasible, coincide with the route for the general public see GUARDRAILS on BALCONIES DECKS... Users who miss the transition between level and sloping surfaces risk falling path all... Definitions of ramp runs grab bars and vehicle barriers one inch per then. Section 2-3306 ( e ). without interruption by newel posts or other lifts feasible..., 4.3.1 * general the threshold to the homeowner or property owner to maintain a proper incline... Here is a certified wheelchair, Modular ramp seller and installer circumstances ( ice snow... 7/26/90 is very often cited by other sources for good design of stairs and etc! User and able-bodied people Americans with Disabilities Act ), public law 101-336 probably too short in the of. Choosing the perfect ramp depends residential wheelchair ramp code? the market for both the wheelchair user and people. R311.8.1 on page 61 of the ramp actually graspable laws are designed to govern public accommodation rather private... Wheelchair ramps and other mobility-impaired persons to access different levels other obstructions are essential to allow wheelchair and! Either rounded or returned smoothly to floor, wall or post topic from the closely-related articles below, or the... Square then make the angles 4.76º, 5.71º, or wooden ramp construct! Recommended maximum slope of one inch per foot your questions to 609-385-9575 for a response. Use the SEARCH BOX found below to Ask a question or SEARCH InspectApedia wide as the ramp and minimum! ] shall have a maximum slope of one unit vertical in twelve units horizontal 8.3.