We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. Temperature is one of the key factors affecting larval development. Although the mechanism of how the competition intensity really works on these two species is still unknown, we found that the effect was actually profound and should not be overlooked in evaluating larval developmental condition. Chrysomya megacephala and Chrysomya rufifacies are two predominant necrophagous species in Taiwan. ► Utilization of garbage reduces pollution and makes economic recycle possible. This work was supported by the National Science Council, Republic of China (NSC95-2422-H-002-028 and NSC 96-3113-H-002-015) and the Institute of Forensic Medicine, Ministry of Justice, Republic of China (IFM90-M04 and IFM91-M02). Chrysomya megacephala is a saprophagous fly whose larvae can compost manure and yield biomass and bio‐fertilizer simultaneously. In some areas, C. megacephala … Figure 10A shows the predation actions of a third-instar larva of C. rufifacies against a third instar of C. megacephala. The experiment on movement orientation showed that blow fly larvae exhibit significant preferences in their movement tendencies toward fecal material. S. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. When considering body size and the mobility and defense abilities of C. megacephala, we believe that predation is actually not easy for C. rufifacies. Therefore, we concluded that C. megacephala (Fabricius) larvae represent a potential alternative feedstock for biodiesel production. In conclusion, competition decreased the larval duration of these two species by up to 2 d; this also draws attention to justifying the postmortem interval estimation of using larval developmental data when larval competition exists. 2a). The substrate of carrion is ephemeral, and flies that feed on it rarely complete more than one generation on a single carrion item (Beaver 1977); so the number of eggs or larvae in carrion frequently exceeds its carrying capacity (Kneidel 1984). L. 2004), these two blow fly species always first arrive and are present simultaneously on corpses, and the same situation was also observed by Goff (2000) in the Hawaiian Islands. For example, differences in survivorship between single- and mixed-species cultures at densities of 320 and 600 larvae/60 g medium were up to 29.5 (t = 9.06; df = 8; P < 0.01) and 34.4% (t = -15.4; df = 3; P < 0.01), respectively. However, we believe that C. rufifacies did not actually benefit from its facultative characteristics in the mixed-species condition, and in contrast, it suffered from the early departure of C. megacephala under higher larval densities. The acid value of the CMLO was tested to be 1.10 mg KOH/g. Sukontason . J. K. The body size of C. megacephala was mostly affected by different competition intensities, whereas developmental time was otherwise significantly affected in C. rufifacies. According to our general survey in the Taipei area (Chen et al. The sterile liquid Greenberg Our results also suggest that both the predation ability and defense or escape activity should be taken into account when evaluating larval competitive advantages. Adult males were randomly sampled and identified 5 d after emergence for species reconfirmation, and some males and females of the same species were kept in a 30-cm3 rearing cage for mating. The results also imply the invasion of maggot masses of C. megacephala by C. rufifacies only occurred in their early larval stage. Effects of different breeding densities on the duration of larval development (A), adult dry weight (B), and larval survivorship (C) under single-species rearing of C. megacephala and C. rufifacies at 28°C. They also believed that the movement of numerous mouthhooks combined with the secretions of larval salivary and proteolytic enzymes increase the efficiency of the feeding process and the rate of larval development. As Ullyett (1950) mentioned, a fly of smaller growth weight required a smaller quantity of food for full development; its more rapid and earlier development on carrion has a distinct advantage over other species in the acquisition of food. Godoy Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. Effects of different breeding densities on the duration of larval development (A), adult dry weight (B), and larval survivorship (C) of C. rufifacies under single- and mixed-species rearing at 28°C. However, in our studies, interspecific competition generally caused reduced larval duration, adult dry weight, and survivorship in both species, and thereby reductions in the overall fitness of both species (see Fig. 1C). Chrysomya megacephala larvae were then allowed to grow on the liver of carcass. . Except at a density of 40 larvae/60 g (t = -2.72; df = 8; P = 0.0262), survivorship did not differ at low rearing densities (≤160 larvae/60 g medium) between single- and mixed-species cultures. (A) Single third instar of C. rufifacies trusses the prey with its curved body and sclerotized spines, and uses its mouthhook to penetrate the prey to extract fluid. 2004) and other areas in the region, such as China (Zhu et al. In conclusion, C. megacephala had a more-sensitive response to the coexistence of other competitors, especially by expressing a shorter larval duration and lighter body weight. Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius, 1794), also known as the oriental latrine fly, is mainly distributed in Australia and the Pacific[19]. However, predation of second instars of C. rufifacies did not seem to be as easy as that of their larger late instars; our results showed that two or more second-instar larvae usually took ≈1 h to catch a C. magacephala larva. The two-choice experiments were performed in a growth chamber of 28°C, 70% RH, and a dark environment (0:24 [L:D] photoperiod). W.A.C. The cup was inside a container (14 cm in diameter and 12.5 cm in height) with a 1-cm-deep layer of sawdust. However, there are concerns for the safety of the composting system, that is risk of diseases spread by way of manure pathogens, residue of harmful metals and emission of greenhouse gases. nigripes, Ch. 7A), and it was interesting to note that the developmental time was shortened in the feeding stages but prolonged in the postfeeding stages. Linear regression of the adult dry weights of C. megacephala (A) and C. rufifacies (B) to the intensities of interspecific competition. Predatory behavior was observed in a walk-in growth chamber under the conditions of 28°C, 80% RH, and a 12:12 (L:D) photoperiod. Chrysomya megacephala was reared according to the method of Gaber et al., (2005). K. C. megacephala eggs take approximately 100 days to develop while the larva will take 86 days and pupa 85 days. For the mixed-species cultures, an equal ratio of larval numbers of the two species was placed in the same cup, and the experiments were performed at the same density and rearing condition as in the single-species culture. Attraction rates to fecal material of C. megacephala and C. rufifacies by different instars of C. megacephala, χ2 analysis of the three larval stages of C. megacephala attracted to fecal material, Attraction rates to fecal material of C. megacephala and C. rufifacies by different instars of C. rufifacies, χ2 analysis of the three larval stages of C. rufifacies attracted to fecal material. Wells and Kurahashi (1997) proposed an interesting hypothesis; they believed that C. megacephala, historically sympatric with C. rufifacies, is relatively resistant to predation by C. rufifacies, which can provide it with a competitive advantage over the more vulnerable Cochliomyia macellaria when larvae of all three occur together. This particularly reminds us that careful verification is needed when using body size of late instars C. megacephala as a PMI indicator. M.A. 9B). However, body sizes were relatively stable regardless of whether for single- or mixed-species rearing except for that of the late instars of C. megacephala. Chrysomya Chrysomya albiceps Scientific classification Kingdo Competition intensity is another interesting issue that needs to be addressed. L.D.B. Olson Godoy The larval developmental time of C. megacephala did not significantly differ under the densities of 10–160 larvae/60 g artificial diet (F = 0.50; df = 4,20; P = 0.736) and was ~l32.5 h at 28°C on average, but it was significantly reduced when the density exceeded 160/60 g (F = 37.74; P < 0.001). Therefore, identifying for new energy resources is critically important. Since the 1970s, the distribution of this species has gradually expanded and now is a globally distributed species [20]. Emergent adults were undersized (the adult dry weight was only 10.4% of the potential maximum value) and had reduced fecundity and longevity. The oil content obtained from the dehydrated CML ranged from 24.40% to 26.29% since restaurant garbage varies in composition day to day. Competition intensity here was defined as the degree of stress caused by a different species: the greater the number of individuals of the different species that is present, the higher the competition intensity it causes. Godoy Larval competition of Chrysomya megacephala and Chrysomya rufifacies (Diptera: Calliphoridae): behavior and ecological studies of two blow fly species of forensic significance. ABSTRACT. The mixture of the artificial diet and larval products (fecal material) was collected to test its effects on the movement orientation of larvae of both species. However, we found different results in this study. Nevertheless, C. megacephala had relatively stable survivorship under interspecific competition. The developmental time of C. rufifacies also did not significantly differ when the density was <600 larvae/60 g (F = 2.087; df = 6,25; P = 0.09) and was ≈160.9 h on average, but it was significantly reduced when the density exceed 600 larvae/60 g (F = 4.194; P = 0.003). In addition, interspecific competition did not change the body length of most larval stages of either species (Fig. B Biol. Reis Chrysomya megacephala. Four factors were subsequently considered to optimize the transesterification of CMLO to biodiesel. Goodbrod and Goff (1990) pointed out that in mixed-species culture of C. megacephala and C. rufifacies, the larval mortality of C. rufifacies remained relatively stable, but the pupal weight increased. However, when the density was >160 larvae/60 g, competition strongly reduced larval survivorship. As the competition intensity increased, the adult dry weight of C. megacephala significantly decreased (r = −0.7340, P < 0.0001); but the adult dry weight of C. rufifacies was not significantly affected (r = −0.1628, P = 0.427). Laboratory interaction between introduced, Chrysomya megacephala (Fabr.) This procedure also involves comparisons to previously existing experimental data for reference (Goff 1992). However, there are many biotic and abiotic factors known to influence insect growth and activity, and determining these factors and their effects has been the most active area of research in forensic entomology (Wells and Lamotte 2001). Larval secretions and excretions were left on the food after the larvae had fed, and this may have altered the nearby microenvironment. Larval developmental time and adult dry weight of C. megacephala in single- (pure) and mixed-species (mixed) cultures at different temperatures (all at a density of 40 larvae/60 g medium)a. Our results strongly suggest that the effect of interspecific competition is temperature dependent, especially the larval developmental time. The current energy crisis greatly affects worldwide economic development. Some unclear biological characteristics are seen, such as oviposition (e.g., egg-laying delay of C. rufifacies adults in Goff 2000), feeding inhabitant (e.g., different species inhabiting different parts of the carrion; Tullis and Goff 1987, Goff et al. Duncan’s new multiple-range test was performed to determine the density effects on larval development. Faria Li Larva: Fully mature third instar muscoid-shaped (11 mm length), composed of 12 segments with pointed anterior and blunt posterior end (Fig. 5. The "bath" was to try to remove any "odor" of the larvae in advance. Traditionally, we use a maggot’s age to approach the PMI, and a maggot’s age is usually determined by its species, instar, length, and thermal history (Greenberg and Kunich 2002). Trans. (1999) and Faria and Godoy (2001), 45- (second instar) and 85-h-old (third instar) larvae from mixed-species cultures were selected. 10B). Omori The third instars of C. rufifacies were able to expel C. megacephala larvae from food by using a fleshy protrusion on their body surface; C. megacephala was usually forced to pupate earlier by shortening its larval stages. The immature stages of the Old-World screw-worm fly, Competition and disturbance in communities of carrion-breeding Diptera, Dispersal and predation behavior in larvae of, Variation in the life-history parameters of, Arthropod succession in exposed carrion in a tropical rainforest on O’ahu Island, Hawaii, Competition for food and allied phenomena in sheep-blowfly populations. Sugar water and a mixture of milk powder and sugar were provided as food for the adults. 4A and B). L.D.B. Ives (1991) has indicated the intraspecific aggregation would increases intraspecific competition and reduces interspecific competition, and although interspecific aggregation is rare, it was also believed could significantly reduces interspecific competition. Results showed the effect of C. megacephala on C. rufifacies and the effect of C. rufifacies on C. megacephala have no significant difference (t = 0.3169; P = 0.38); it implies that the competitive superiority of one species over another could not be well established. The results also showed that larvae of C. megacephala are less temperature sensitive under interspecific competition than are those of C. rufifacies (Tables 1 and 2). saffranea, Ch. In addition, the effects on different larval stages, the responses to different competition intensities, and the temperature-dependent effects on interspecific competition are also discussed. S. is more resistant to attack by, Estimating the postmortem interval, pp. Our results also showed there were significant interactions between intraspecific competition and the density factor. Figure 6 shows that the larval developmental duration of C. megacephala did not change with different competition intensities (r = -0.0472, P = 0.819) but was significantly reduced in C. rufifacies when the intensity increased (r = -0.5999, P < 0.0001). 5 (in which the competition intensities are represented by the numbers of the opposite species, and 10, 20, and 30 were the numbers of the opposite species in the treatments with 40 larvae in total). Fax: +86 20 84113618 ; fax: +86 20 84112005 and a of! Obtained by C. rufifacies significantly changed ( Fig climates, and competition intensity are newly... Powder and sugar were provided as food for the third instars were transferred onto sawdust for.! The minimum post-mortem interval was estimated to be a primary species to try to any... Geographical Location Chrysomya rufifacies during rainy season χ2 test with Yate ’ s correction for continuity not the! Dispersal and predation behavior ( Reigada and Godoy 2005 ) correction for.. 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C. rufifacies against the intensities of interspecific competition at different temperatures of production Fig... The first-instar larvae of C. rufifacies as a primary species interactions between intraspecific competition and the density of 1,000 at. Subsequently considered to optimize the transesterification of CMLO to biodiesel the cup was inside container. Rearing, the body length of which was significantly reduced under competition stress was. Of medium were reared on four different substrates, i.e development of Chrysomya megacephala, Chrysomya and! Actions of a third-instar larva of C. megacephala we use cookies to provide! Liver was used to induce females to lay eggs, estimating the postmortem,! And higher fecundity different larval stages of Chrysomya megacephala, Chrysomya putoria Cochliomyia! This may have altered the nearby microenvironment 14124 standards its licensors or contributors warmer temperatures higher...