It was, however, at a terrible price. to the Sea, the most destructive campaign against a civilian population during the Civil War (1861-65), began in Atlanta on November 15, 1864, and concluded in Savannah on December 21, 1864. As for horses, mules, wagons, &c., belonging to the inhabitants, the cavalry and artillery may appropriate freely and without limit, discriminating, however, between the rich, who are usually hostile, and the poor or industrious, usually neutral or friendly. As a result of Hood's action, fewer than five thousand Confederate soldiers under General Joseph Wheeler stood between Sherman's army and Savannah. At the same time, Slocum's left wing approached the state capital at Milledgeville, prompting the hasty departure of Governor Joseph Brown and the state legislature. ", Mark E. Neely Jr, "Was the Civil War a Total War?. His soldiers commonly requisitioned all of the provisions that they could find from the civilian population. It confiscated 9.5 million pounds of corn and 10.5 million pounds of fodder, and destroyed uncounted cotton gins and mills. While some Confederates remained committed to the struggle, other Confederates began to doubt the Confederacy's chance for victory over the Union. Subject: U.S. History. Nevin, David, and the Editors of Time-Life Books. How should the actions of these men be remembered and judged? [19] Some who welcomed him as a liberator chose to follow his armies. In truth, all anyone knew was that Sherman was marching to the sea. Gen. John Bell Hood on the eastern outskirts of Atlanta, Georgia. Grant's armies in Virginia continued in a stalemate against Robert E. Lee's army, besieged in Petersburg, Virginia. Union General Sherman’s scorched-earth March to the Sea campaign begins ... After hearing that President Abraham Lincoln had won re-election on November 8, Sherman … Sung from the point of view of a Union soldier, the lyrics detail the freeing of slaves and punishing the Confederacy for starting the war. Arnold presented him with the key to the city, and Sherman's men, led by Geary's division of the XX Corps, occupied the city the same day. Then, on November 15, he commenced his great March to the Sea with 62,000 men, laying waste to the economic resources of Georgia in a 50-mile- (80-km-) wide swath of destruction. Elements of the decline in agriculture persisted through 1920."[26]. Wheeler and some infantry struck in a rearguard action at Ball's Ferry on November 24 and November 25. Photograph of Lieutenant General William Tecumseh Sherman on his horse, Duke, before the city of Atlanta, Georgia, 1864. https://ohiohistorycentral.org/index.php?title=Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea&oldid=32427. The campaign began with Sherman's troops leaving the captured city of Atlanta on November 15 and ended with the capture of the port of Savannah on December 21. While Howard's wing was delayed near Ball's Bluff, the 1st Alabama Cavalry (a Federal regiment) engaged Confederate pickets. On December 17, he sent a message to Hardee in the city: I have already received guns that can cast heavy and destructive shot as far as the heart of your city; also, I have for some days held and controlled every avenue by which the people and garrison of Savannah can be supplied, and I am therefore justified in demanding the surrender of the city of Savannah, and its dependent forts, and shall wait a reasonable time for your answer, before opening with heavy ordnance. Poe directly supervised the destruction of all buildings and structures in Atlanta that could be of any military value to the Confederates once Sherman abandoned the city. More Union troops entered the campaign from an unlikely direction. He proposed leaving nearly sixty thousand men behind in northern Georgia and Tennessee to deal with Confederate soldiers under the command of General Nathan Bedford Forrest and General John Bell Hood. Sherman left Atlanta with his sixty-two-thousand-man army on November 15, 1864. "[7] There were about 13,000 men remaining at Lovejoy's Station, south of Atlanta. These orders have been depicted in popular culture as the origin of the "40 acres and a mule" promise. VII. Almost miraculously, damage and destruction immediately ceased. You don't have a CLUE what Sherman's March to the Sea even WAS... do you.? Ohioan William Tecumseh Sherman, a general in the Union army during the American Civil War, is best known for his March to the Sea. He also continued to supervise destruction of Confederate infrastructure. There are small illustrations on the lower half of the document illustrating moments from the March to the Sea. [23] Military historians Herman Hattaway and Archer Jones cited the significant damage wrought to railroads and Southern logistics in the campaign and stated that "Sherman's raid succeeded in 'knocking the Confederate war effort to pieces'. They also destroyed a number of homes along the way. He captured Savannah, 285 miles (460 km) from Atlanta, on December 21. Smith's 1,500 Georgia militiamen, 3 miles (4.8 km) south of Grahamville Station, South Carolina. Sherman came to dislike the song, in part because he was never one to rejoice over a fallen foe, and in part because it was played at almost every public appearance that he attended. The damage he inflicted to Southern morale and logistics helped write down the last hopes of the Confederacy. Sherman … But what next? The Union soldiers even commandeered supplies from the slaves. Considering Sherman's military priorities, however, this tactical maneuver by his enemy to get out of his force's path was welcomed to the point of remarking, "If he will go to the Ohio River, I'll give him rations. Foragers, known as "bummers", would provide food seized from local farms for the Army while they destroyed the railroads and the manufacturing and agricultural infrastructure of Georgia. 1 After the war, critiques of military actions by the North and South often focused on leaders' controversial decisions. Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S. Confederate States presidential election of 1861, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea&oldid=993929872, Campaigns of the Western Theater of the American Civil War, Military operations of the American Civil War in Georgia (U.S. state), Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2020, Articles needing additional references from December 2015, All articles needing additional references, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Shermans March to the Sea . This source gives insight into the context of the March to the Sea. H5b Explain Georgia's role in the Civil War; include the Union blockade of Georgia's coast, the Emancipation Proclamation, Chickamuga, Sherman's Atlanta Campaign, Sherman's March to the Sea… Sherman's men successfully occupied Savannah in mid-December 1864. ... Sherman's March to the Sea - American Good Old Song - Duration: 1:12. Sherman's order came on the heels of his successful March to the Sea from Atlanta to Savannah and just prior to his march northward into South Carolina. This page was last edited on 13 December 2020, at 06:23. In planning for the march, Sherman used livestock and crop production data from the 1860 census to lead his troops through areas where he believed they would be able to forage most effectively. Sherman's March to the Sea. Former Southern Brigadier General Clement A. Evans asserted, for example, that there was no force available to obstruct Shermans soldiers. And taking the work of General Thomas into the count, as it should be taken, it is indeed a great success. Rail depots, roundhouses, arsenals, and warehouses were torn down and the combustible materials then destroyed by controlled fires. Away off in the distance, on the McDonough road, was the rear of Howard's column, the gun-barrels glistening in the sun, the white-topped wagons stretching away to the south; and right before us the Fourteenth Corps, marching steadily and rapidly, with a cheery look and swinging pace, that made light of the thousand miles that lay between us and Richmond. I won first place for it in the school history fair and honorable mention in the Lee County Film Festival. The two wings of the army attempted to confuse and deceive the enemy about their destinations; the Confederates could not tell from the initial movements whether Sherman would march on Macon, Augusta, or Savannah. Jacqueline Campbell has written, on the other hand, that some slaves looked upon the Union army's ransacking and invasive actions with disdain. Promoted by Sherman by two steps in rank to colonel after the fall of Savannah, he continued in that capacity in the war's concluding Carolinas Campaign as Sherman headed northwards from Savannah to link up with Grant and the Army of the Potomac in Virginia and to cut another swath through South and North Carolina. William T. Sherman. The following is an excerpt from the general's orders: ... IV. The campaign began with Sherman's troops leaving the captured city of Atlanta on November 15 and ended with the capture of the port of Savannah on December 21. [21], The March to the Sea was devastating to Georgia and the Confederacy. To this end, each brigade commander will organize a good and sufficient foraging party, under the command of one or more discreet officers, who will gather, near the route traveled, corn or forage of any kind, meat of any kind, vegetables, corn-meal, or whatever is needed by the command, aiming at all times to keep in the wagons at least ten day's provisions for the command and three days' forage. The use of total war achieved Sherman's desired effect. On the night of November 25, Howard used his superior numbers to flank the defenders and force them to retreat. To speed the defeat of the Confederacy, Union forces needed to prevent Southern civilians from supplying their armies. "[32] W. Todd Groce, the president of the Georgia Historical Society, stated that the "hard war" practiced by Sherman did not prefigure the "total war" practiced in World War II. They destroyed the bridge across the Oconee River and then turned south.[11]. 15. Not only does it afford the obvious and immediate military advantages, but, in showing to the world that your army could be divided, putting the stronger part to an important new service, and yet leaving enough to vanquish the old opposing force of the whole - Hood’s army - it brings those who sat in darkness to see a great light. 120, regarding the conduct of the campaign. Grade Levels: 5–12. Howard's wing, led by Kilpatrick's cavalry, marched south along the railroad to Lovejoy's Station, which caused the defenders there to conduct a fighting retreat to Macon. On December 4, Kilpatrick's cavalry routed Wheeler's at the Battle of Waynesboro. Although the Union victory inflicted heavy casualties on Hood’s army, the city of Atlanta would not fall to Sherman until September of that year. Food that the men could not eat or carry away generally was burned. Several small actions followed. By moving in Lee's rear, Sherman could possibly increase pressure on Lee, allowing Grant the opportunity to break through, or at least keep Southern reinforcements away from Virginia. Howard's infantry marched through Jonesboro to Gordon, southwest of the state capital, Milledgeville. Although his formal orders (excerpted below) specified control over destruction of infrastructure in areas in which his army was unmolested by guerrilla activity, he recognized that supplying an army through liberal foraging would have a destructive effect on the morale of the civilian population it encountered in its wide sweep through the state.[5]. He had defied military principles by operating deep within enemy territory and without lines of supply or communication. Other historical analysis however rejects the comparison. In all foraging, of whatever kind, the parties engaged will refrain from abusive or threatening language, and may, where the officer in command thinks proper, give written certificates of the facts, but no receipts, and they will endeavor to leave with each family a reasonable portion for their maintenance. Slocum's wing, accompanied by Sherman, moved to the east, in the direction of Augusta. The campaign was designed by Grant and Sherman to be similar to Grant's innovative and successful Vicksburg Campaign and Sherman's Meridian Campaign, in that Sherman's armies would reduce their need for traditional supply lines by "living off the land" after consuming their 20 days of rations. Sherman’s army reached the sea, took Fort McAllister and re-tied itself to a naval supply line. General William T. Sherman has destroyed Atlanta and is confident he can break his supply lines and march his 60,000+ army east to the sea at Savannah,Georgia.. Shermans army will live off the land and “make Georgia howl”, inflicting the demoralization to the countryside and state that he knew would break the will of the south. Many, many thanks for your Christmas gift, the capture of Savannah. ", John Bennett Walters, "General William T. Sherman and total war. [16], From Savannah, after a month-long delay for rest, Sherman marched north in the spring through the Carolinas, intending to complete his turning movement and combine his armies with Grant's against Robert E. Lee. The cavalry captured two Confederate guns at Lovejoy's Station, and then two more and 50 prisoners at Bear Creek Station. Confederate Maj. Gen. Wheeler's cavalry struck Brig. The operation broke the back of the Confederacy and helped lead to its eventual surrender. Overnight, Union engineers constructed a bridge 2 miles (3.2 km) away from the bluff across the Oconee River, and 200 soldiers crossed to flank the Confederate position. Welch, Robert Christopher. Kilpatrick slipped by the defensive line that Wheeler had placed near Brier Creek, but on the night of November 26 Wheeler attacked and drove the 8th Indiana and 2nd Kentucky Cavalry away from their camps at Sylvan Grove. Poe oversaw the burning of Atlanta, for which action he was honored by Sherman. He and the Union Army's commander, Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant, believed that the Civil War would come to an end only if the Confederacy's strategic capacity for warfare was decisively broken. V. To army corps commanders alone is entrusted the power to destroy mills, houses, cotton-gins, &c., and for them this general principle is laid down: In districts and neighborhoods where the army is unmolested no destruction of such property should be permitted; but should guerrillas or bushwhackers molest our march, or should the inhabitants burn bridges, obstruct roads, or otherwise manifest local hostility, then army commanders should order and enforce a devastation more or less relentless according to the measure of such hostility. Behind us lay Atlanta, smouldering and in ruins, the black smoke rising high in air, and hanging like a pall over the ruined city. [13], Sherman telegraphed to President Lincoln, "I beg to present you as a Christmas gift the City of Savannah, with one hundred and fifty heavy guns and plenty of ammunition and about twenty-five thousand bales of cotton. On November 15, 1864, during the Civil War, U.S. forces under Gen. William T. Sherman set out from Atlanta on the March to the Sea, a military campaign designed to destroy the Confederacy's ability to wage war and break the will of its people to . Sherman's march to the sea was a risky venture that paid off well for the Union. He had a lot more soldiers than General Hood who only had 51,000. Smith's militia fought off the Union attacks, and Hatch withdrew after suffering about 650 casualties, versus Smith's 50. Gen. Kilpatrick's, killing one, wounding two and capturing 18. Civil War Music. On November 23, Slocum's troops captured the city and held a mock legislative session in the capitol building, jokingly voting Georgia back into the Union.[12]. The March attracted a huge number of refugees, to whom Sherman assigned land with his Special Field Orders No. Sherman, commanding the Military Division of the Mississippi, did not employ his entire army group in the campaign. . Radical Republicans in the U.S. Congress, like Charles Sumner and Thaddeus Stevens, for some time had pushed for land redistribution in order to break the back of Southern slaveholders' power. [9] Still, Grant trusted Sherman's assessment and on November 2, 1864, he sent Sherman a telegram stating simply, "Go as you propose. VI. Some of the 134 Union casualties were caused by torpedoes, a name for crude land mines that were used only rarely in the war. [21] The Army wrecked 300 miles (480 km) of railroad and numerous bridges and miles of telegraph lines. The March. Sherman realized that the Confederate civilian population provided most of the supplies that Confederate forces needed to wage war against the Union. Introduction: This activity shows … Sherman would take the remainder of his army of sixty-two thousand men from Atlanta to Savannah, Georgia, on the Atlantic Ocean. Sherman left behind his supply train. The march was made easier by able assistants such as Orlando Metcalfe Poe, chief of the bridge building and demolition team. During the campaign, the Confederate War Department brought in additional men from Florida and the Carolinas, but they never were able to increase their effective force beyond 13,000.[8]. Gen. Charles C. Walcutt arrived to stabilize the defense, and the division of Georgia militia launched several hours of badly coordinated attacks, eventually retreating with about 1,100 casualties (of which about 600 were prisoners), versus the Union's 100. Welcome back to SHERMAN’S MARCH TO THE SEA.After annihilating USF in Tampa, I redirected my loyal arson brigade south to sunny Coral Gables, the home of the University of Miami. By Kevin Dougherty. done with more spirit, or in better harmony of time and place. Since the Union was near victory and could have won without Sherman’s March to the Sea, I see little reason to credit him as even a hero to the former slaves. On November 25–26 at Sandersville, Wheeler struck at Slocum's advance guard. As the army would be out of touch with the North throughout the campaign, Sherman gave explicit orders, Sherman's Special Field Orders, No. Foraging parties may also take mules or horses to replace the jaded animals of their trains, or to serve as pack-mules for the regiments or brigades. Hood had taken the bulk of forces in Georgia on his campaign to Tennessee in hopes of diverting Sherman to pursue him. Wars are best kept on the battle field as much as possible. The March to the Sea began on November 15, 1864, and saw Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman devastate Georgia before capturing Savannah. There was almost no opposition. John G. Barrett, "Sherman and Total War in the Carolinas. Sherman's "March to the Sea" followed his successful Atlanta Campaign of May to September 1864. Kilpatrick was ordered to make a feint toward Augusta before destroying the railroad bridge at Brier Creek and moving to liberate the Camp Lawton prisoner of war camp at Millen. Hardee decided not to surrender but to escape. Understand the strategy of Sherman's March to the Sea Understand the historical impact of the election of 1864 Know important battles and generals of the Civil War; Practice Exams. Sherman was blocked from linking up with the U.S. Navy as he had planned, so he dispatched cavalry to Fort McAllister, guarding the Ogeechee River, in hopes of unblocking his route and obtaining supplies awaiting him on the Navy ships. Should you entertain the proposition, I am prepared to grant liberal terms to the inhabitants and garrison; but should I be forced to resort to assault, or the slower and surer process of starvation, I shall then feel justified in resorting to the harshest measures, and shall make little effort to restrain my army—burning to avenge the national wrong which they attach to Savannah and other large cities which have been so prominent in dragging our country into civil war. Please make my grateful acknowledgments to your whole army, officers and men. I suppose it will be safer if I leave General Grant and yourself to decide. Sherman's March to the Sea (also known as the Savannah Campaign or simply Sherman's March) was a military campaign of the American Civil War conducted through Georgia from November 15 until December 21, 1864, by Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman of the Union Army. He defeated Confederate General John Hood at the Battle of Atlanta on July 22, 1864. On September 1, 1864, Sherman and his army captured Atlanta, Georgia, an important transportation center in the Confederacy. Hundreds of African Americans drowned trying to cross in Ebenezer Creek north of Savannah while trying to follow Sherman's Army in its March to the Sea. Sherman captured Savannah, crippling its vital military resources. Union Major Generals William Tecumseh Sherman and James B. McPherson successfully defended against a Confederate offensive from Lieut. They surrendered and Sherman had a victory. Lively battle narrative is included for military engagements along the way. At the Battle of Buck Head Creek on November 28, Kilpatrick was surprised and nearly captured, but the 5th Ohio Cavalry halted Wheeler's advance, and Wheeler was later stopped decisively by Union barricades at Reynolds's Plantation. The Northern military needed to wage war against both the Confederate military and Confederate civilians. Sherman's March to the Sea (1864–65).After capturing Atlanta in September 1864, a victory that guaranteed the reelection of Abraham Lincoln and the continuation of the Civil War, Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman, Union commander in the west, turned his thoughts to the most direct assault he could imagine on the heart of the Confederacy, one that targeted Southern morale. During the Jim Crow Era, several writers[29][30][31] claimed that Sherman's March set a precedent for the total war waged during World War II. Sherman's March to the Sea Analyzing the Ethics of Sherman's Military Strategies A portrait of Ulysses S. Grant and his generals, including William Tecumseh Sherman. [20] A Confederate officer estimated that 10,000 liberated slaves followed Sherman's army, and hundreds died of "hunger, disease, or exposure" along the way. Union soldiers sang many songs during the March, but it is one written afterward that has come to symbolize the campaign: "Marching Through Georgia", written by Henry Clay Work in 1865. Dozens of river crossings, poor or non-existent roads, and the extensive swamps of southern Georgia would have fatally slowed Sherman's force had not Poe's skills as leader of the bridge, road and pontoon building units kept the army moving. To break the will of the Confederate population, Sherman proposed a March to the Sea. Both U.S. President Abraham Lincoln and General Ulysses S. Grant had serious reservations about Sherman's plans. He destroyed much of the South's potential and psychology to wage war. Slaves' opinions varied concerning the actions of Sherman and his army. He said that the Union military was "not only fighting hostile armies, but a hostile people, and must make old and young, rich and poor, feel the hard hand of war." Sherman’s March to the Sea marked a new development in the war. Minimal. General Sherman finally gained control of the city of Atlanta on September 2, 1864. Prior to his famous march to the sea, General Sherman led 100,000 men into the southern city of Atlanta. Maj. Gen. Gustavus W. Smith's Georgia militia had about 3,050 soldiers, most of whom were boys and elderly men. And in bringing the war to the heart of the South, he demonstrated the Confederacy's inability to protect its own people. Standard histories of Major General William T. Shermans celebrated March to the Sea invariably portray the Confederacys response as inconsequential. Such broad generalizations may assuage wounded Southern pride, but they also rewrite history. "[24] David J. Eicher wrote that "Sherman had accomplished an amazing task. Despite this important Union victory, the Confederate government and many of its citizens remained committed to the war effort. . (However, Poe was incensed at the level of uncontrolled arson by marauding soldiers not of his unit which resulted in heavy damage to civilian homes. When you were about leaving Atlanta for the Atlantic coast, I was anxious, if not fearful; but feeling that you were the better judge, and remembering that 'nothing risked, nothing gained,' I did not interfere. Now, the undertaking being a success, the honor is yours; for I believe none of us went further than to acquiesce. Sherman's armies reached the outskirts of Savannah on December 10 but found that Hardee had entrenched 10,000 men in favorable fighting positions, and his soldiers had flooded the surrounding rice fields, leaving only narrow causeways available to approach the city. "Sherman's March to the Sea". Prior to his famous march to the sea, General Sherman led 100,000 men into the southern city of Atlanta. The army will forage liberally on the country during the march. General Ulysses S. Grant and President Abraham Lincoln opposed this plan at first, but Sherman convinced them of its importance. One of the most infamous campaigns of the Civil War was William Tecumseh Sherman's march through Georgia to the Sea. He decided that he would permit his men to supply themselves from civilians along the march. sherman's march to the sea who won The March to the Sea began on November 15, 1864, and saw Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman devastate Georgia before capturing Savannah., Letter, Sherman to Henry W. Halleck, December 24, 1864. So in December 25, 1864 Sherman's March to the Sea … To regular foraging parties must be instructed the gathering of provisions and forage at any distance from the road traveled. And having triumpthed in the election of 1864 Lincoln it gets even more good news from Georgia which is a telegram from General Sherman from the city of Savannah saying Mr. President, I wish to offer you the city of Savannah as a Christmas present. This ended the war for Tennessee and Hood’s career. Gen. William H. Jackson, had approximately 10,000 troopers. Sherman's use of total war helped the Union win the American Civil War. Sherman recounted in his memoirs the scene when he left at 7 a.m. the following day: ... We rode out of Atlanta by the Decatur road, filled by the marching troops and wagons of the Fourteenth Corps; and reaching the hill, just outside of the old rebel works, we naturally paused to look back upon the scenes of our past battles. Sherman's personal escort on the march was the 1st Alabama Cavalry Regiment, a unit made up entirely of Southerners who remained loyal to the Union. 16. noah on February 26, 2015 at 11:40 pm . Sherman had rested in Atlanta until after the election, but once Lincoln had won, Sherman torched the city and headed for the coast. In 2011 a historical marker was erected there by the Georgia Historical Society to commemorate the African Americans who had risked so much for freedom.[28]. 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