The earliest known principles of war were documented by Sun Tzu, circa 500 BCE. FUNDAMENTALS OF URBAN OPERATIONS. The activities of resistance groups may also benefit friendly forces. Additionally, any other information collected by reconnaissance and surveillance units, such as the battalion reconnaissance platoon and or snipers, should be considered during the planning process. Fundamentals of Urban Operations. Urban fighting often becomes confused melees with several small units attacking on converging axes. Recognized as a “whole of government” doctrinal reference standard by military, national security and government professionals around the world, SMARTbooks comprise a comprehensive professional library designed for all levels of Service. When defending predominately urban areas, the battalion commander must consider that the terrain is more restricted due to buildings that are normally close together. The populace of a given urban area represents key terrain; the side that manages it best has a distinct advantage. They may require a designated rapid response element (or elements) in reserve in the event that enemy forces mass and quickly overwhelm an attacking battalion. The strongpoints and reserves are normally deeper in the city. Engagements may range from the overwhelming and precise application of combat power in order to defeat an enemy to large-scale humanitarian operations to HN security force assistance characterized by information and influencing activities. (2)     When using HE ammunition in urban fighting, only point detonating fuzes should be used. A detailed analysis of the urban area and surrounding terrain is vital to the success of any operation in an urban area (see FM 34-130 and FM 3-06.11). Leaders at all levels must consider the following factors in various combinations. The transition plan may include returning control of the urban area to another unit or agency a portion at a time as conditions permit. Members of such resistance groups should be dealt with in accordance with applicable provisions of the law of war. Various options are available to the commander to control the impact of civilians on the operation. (Population over 1 million to 10 million). Figure 6-8. Continuous close combat produces high psychological stress and physical fatigue. a.     Terrain. Synchronizing precision fires, information operations, and nonlethal capabilities. Android is a registered trademark of Google inc. Windows Phone 7 is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation. There are currently no items in your cart. h.     Preserve Critical Infrastructure. Further, during UO, the environment (rubble and debris) may dictate that evacuation be accomplished by litter carriers rather than by vehicle or aircraft. Night and periods of reduced visibility (including fog) favor surprise, infiltration, detailed reconnaissance, attacks across open areas, seizure of defended strong points, and reduction of defended obstacles. Urban environments also provide many passive dangers such as disease from unsanitary conditions and psychological illnesses. Close combat in UO is resource intensive, requires properly trained and equipped forces, has the potential for high casualties, and can achieve decisive results when properly conducted. The battalion must be prepared to conduct different missions simultaneously. Tactical units may have to support a plan for the restoration of essential services that may fail to function upon their arrival or cease to function during an operation. e.     High-Explosive Ammunition. Underground water, sewer, and utility systems. The digitized SBCT infantry battalion derives considerable advantages from its ABCS equipment. Soldiers and leaders must maintain a sense of situational understanding and clearly mark their progress IAW unit SOP to avoid fratricide. (b)     The civilian population may also provide cover for enemy forces, enhancing their mobility close to friendly positions. Figure 6-16 depicts an SBCT conducting multiple nodal attacks. Major terrain features such as--, (4)     Subterranean Features. Expected personnel and equipment replacements that did not arrive. Offensive operations in an urban area are planned and implemented based on the factors of METT-TC. Battalions executing a nodal attack independently must plan for a designated rapid response reserve element. Have any of the battalion command nets been compromised? Just $10 for RUSH processing & handling. In addition, enemy special purpose forces and hostile intelligence service assets may move among well-placed civilian groups. Scatterable mines may be used to impede enemy movements. Historically, the close fight in urban combat has consisted of street-to-street fighting resulting in high casualties and high expenditure of resources. Engagement areas to include employment and integration of obstacles with direct and indirect fires. b. They patrol to their front and flanks and establish contact with each other. The SBCT mission may contain factors that require varying defensive techniques by the subordinate battalions under SBCT control. • Intelligence in unified action. e.     Confusion. Ranges and Engagement Time. Yet, they are particularly relevant to an environment dominated by man-made structures and a dense noncombatant population. The battalion uses this technique when the battalion commander does not have adequate information and a clear vision of the enemy situation and the information cannot be gathered by SBCT or higher echelon elements. Close combat is required in offensive and defensive UO. Role of Mortar Units. Using close combat, when necessary, against decisive points. Cities, metropolises, and megalopolises with associated urban sprawl cover hundreds of square kilometers. Consolidate Chemical agents and other TIM are washed into underground systems by precipitation. d.     Control the Essential. Examples of symmetrical threats include conventional enemy forces conducting offensive or defensive operations against friendly forces. For example, urban operations provide one of the few situations where infantry and armor elements may be effectively task-organized below platoon levels. • The operational environment (OE). This important task becomes more difficult when the adversary is an unconventional force and can mix with the civil population. Urban Operations. Unless planned and executed effectively, transitions can reduce the tempo of UO, slow its momentum, and cede the initiative to the enemy. Planning must allow more time for thorough reconnaissance, subordinate unit rehearsals, sniper and countersniper operations, demolitions, breaching, fire fighting, entry and movement techniques, fighting position construction, booby trap recognition and neutralization, combat lifesaver training, and crowd control. Guerilla and terrorist elements may look no different than any other members of the community. script.setAttribute("async", true); Targets, even those at close range, tend to be indistinct. Adjusting fires is difficult since buildings block the view of adjusting rounds; therefore, the lateral method of adjustment may be most useful. Terral Leaks from Long Branch, N.J., 15th Air Support Operation Squadron, Fort Stewart, Ga., calls for close-air support during a patrol in Sayed Abad District, Wardak province, Afghanistan, April 4, 2011. The battalion commander must understand the elements of the urban infrastructure that are necessary for achieving the intent and end state of the SBCT's mission. Specifically, the SBCT assesses avenues of approach in the urban AO. Urban shaping operations may include actions taken to achieve or prevent isolation, understand the environment, maintain freedom of action, protect the force, and develop cooperative relationships with the urban population. However, some fundamentals apply to urban operations regardless of the mission, geographical location, or level of command. BSS6: The Battle Staff SMARTbook, 6th Ed. Power generation and transmission sites provide means to control significant aspects of civilian society over a large area. (a)     In certain situations requiring precise fire, snipers can provide an excellent method of isolating key areas while simultaneously minimizing collateral damage and noncombatant casualties. The law of land warfare prohibits unnecessary injury to noncombatants and needless damage to property. They must take special measures to control enemy combatants who have intermixed with the local population and civilian personnel who may support the enemy. These approaches seek to counter the technological and numerical advantages of US joint systems and forces and to exploit constraints placed on US forces due to cultural bias, media presence, ROE, and distance from the crisis location. a. Rotating units committed to combat for long periods can reduce stress. Battalions involved in urban operations must conduct missions in and among the residents of the area. Yet, they are particularly relevant to an environment dominated by man-made … Understanding the urban society requires comprehension of--. They may be a potential source for TAC HUMINT assets; act as guides, liaisons, or translators; and provide subject-matter expertise on local public facilities such as refineries, power plants, and water works. All phases of mission execution must be considered when developing task organization. (PREVIOUS EDITION), BSS5: The Battle Staff SMARTbook, 5th Ed. The ammunition consumption rates for small arms, grenades (all types), Claymore mines, antitank guided missiles, .50 caliber, MK19 and 120-mm HE, and explosives can be four times the normal rate. a.     Ambushes and Battle Positions. However, the configuration of streets, especially in close orderly block and high-rise areas, can cause wind canalization. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. In the offense, illuminating rounds are planned to burst above the objective. (3)     Isolate the Objective. In addition to revisions and changes, we publish incremental "SMARTupdates" when feasible to update changes in doctrine or new publications in our SMARTbook series. (a)     Enemy forces may use the population to provide camouflage, concealment, and deception for their operations. Rehearsals for subordinate units to consider include, but are not limited to, the following: Often, the role of fires in UO is to get the maneuver force into or around the urban area with minimal casualties so that the commander has the maximum combat power to close with the enemy and finish the fight. SBCT scheme of maneuver, nodal attack. Ed. The use of airburst fires is an effective means of clearing snipers from rooftops. Reorganization and preparation for future missions occurs after consolidation. (2)     Battle Positions. Examples of enemy weapons favored in UO include--. The commander may decide to selectively clear only those parts necessary for the success of his mission if--. The impact of the urban operations environment often differs from one operation to the next. b. f.     Separate Combatants from Noncombatants. They may herd refugees into friendly controlled sectors, steal from US-paid local nationals, and hide among civilians during offensive operations. Every platoon within the battalion must know what enemy targets will be engaged by SBCT and battalion assets. Enemy tactics may range from ambushes and snipers to large-scale conventional actions conducted by heavy forces. Shots from upper floors strike friendly armored vehicles in vulnerable points. Whether they are purpose-built or adapted, many weapons may have greater than normal utility in an urban environment while others may have significant disadvantages. Often, the battalion can integrate urban areas into the defensive scheme to develop a stronger defense. Messengers must plan routes that avoid the enemy. Breaching operations begin when friendly forces detect an obstacle and begin to apply the breaching fundamentals, and they end when battle handover has occurred between follow-on forces and a unit conducting the breaching operation. Which nurse most likely kept records on sanitation techniques and the effects on health? (2)     Winds. The adjustments must be made by sound. This approach can result in significant collateral damage, a lengthy operation, and be inconsistent with the political situation and strategic objectives. (Refer to paragraph 6-14 and Figure 6-7 for a sample task organization. Engagement times are short, and ranges are close in urban areas. Initial rounds are adjusted laterally until a round impacts on the street perpendicular to the FEBA. Rehearsals provide a means for units that seldom operate together to train collective skills. a. Offsetting their inherent weaknesses, enemy forces seek an advantage in urban terrain to remain dispersed and decentralized, adapting their tactics to provide them the best success in countering a US response. • The objective of this course is to introduce students to traffic engineering fundamentals for highways and freeways. The battalion uses smoke and demolitions to aid in the disengagement. ( Planning & Conducting Tactical Operations). Weapons and demolitions may be chosen for employment based on their effects against masonry and concrete rather than against enemy personnel. This implies risk in those areas where units choose not to exercise control in order to be able to mass overwhelming power where it is needed. The SBCT commander's intent is to safeguard the key nodes seized during the offensive operation in order eventually to return the infrastructure of this particular urban area back to civilian control. ( Planning & Conducting Tactical Operations), Browse our collection of Military Reference SMARTbooks, Signup to keep up to date on updates and revisions, Website Development and Management by thirteen05 creative, Customer Service and Quotes: 863-409-8084 (Mon-Fri 0800-1700 EST) or 1-800-997-8827 (24-hour voicemail). Isolation. While the elements of the operational framework are not phases, tactical tasks may become phases at the battalion level and below, based on the factors of METT-TC. Perform Focused Information Operations. A combination of sectors, battle positions, strongpoints, roadblocks, checkpoints, security patrols, and OPs could be employed within the battalion sector or AO. b. Included with the maps are overlays that categorize sections of the urban area by ethnicity, religious affiliation, and other prevailing characteristics that could affect operations (Figures 6-3 through 6-6). Essential elements of friendly information address the enemy commander's priority intelligence requirements. Figure 6-7. (See FM 34-130 for a detailed discussion of urban intelligence preparation of the battlefield.). ADP Land Operations is the British Army’s core doctrine. Figure 6-21. These principles are used in both the offense and the defense. The commander and staff must consider the effects of prolonged combat on soldiers. a.     Troop Density, Equipment, and Ammunition. For example, a battalion may establish checkpoints in one section of a city and simultaneously clear enemy in another section. Nodal attacks are used to deny the enemy key infrastructure. Figure 6-5. Figure 6-18. Contiguous operations have traditional linear features including identifiable, contiguous frontages and shared boundaries between forces. The commander orients the plan on the enemy rather than terrain. Analysis of the natural terrain surrounding the urban area (observation and fields of fire, avenues of approach, key terrain, obstacles, and cover and concealment [OAKOC]). The commander and staff must understand the composition, activities, and attitudes of the civilian population within the urban area, to include the political infrastructure. During planning for offensive operations, the commander and staff must consider the overall purpose and intent of the operation and define what is required. Preserving the ability to transition allows the battalion to maintain initiative while providing force protection. Companies may have to be task-organized to conduct the specific missions assigned by the battalion commander in a nodal defense. Subordinate units must employ aggressive security operations that include surveillance of surface and subsurface approaches. Offensive urban operational framework. a. h.     Radar can locate many artillery and mortar targets in an urban environment because of the high percentage of high-angle fires. Isolation, decisive action, minimum friendly casualties, and acceptable collateral damage distinguish success when the AO is properly shaped. Some … The battalion commander and staff must consider the strength, composition, disposition, and activities of the enemy. Consider employing artillery in the direct fire mode to destroy fortifications, especially when assaulting well-prepared enemy positions. Browse our collection of Military Reference SMARTbooks to learn more. Understand They must consider both conventional and unconventional enemy forces and the tactics the enemy may employ. However, common characteristics include--. Wire is a secure and effective means of communications in urban areas. 1. Such locations are normally found at major street intersections, in parks, and at the edge of open residential areas. In an urban area, the defender must take advantage of the abundant cover and concealment. Products that can be developed by the National Imagery Mapping Agency (NIMA) can be specifically tailored for the area of operations. Transition March 1987, Figure 6-9 depicts the urban operational framework as it applies to offensive operations and shows the tactical tasks of subordinate units. Figure 6-13 depicts a movement to contact in an urban area using the search and attack technique. Structural characteristics of buildings, bridges, and transportation networks. An area defense concentrates on denying an enemy force access to designated terrain for a specific time and is the type of defense most often used for defending an urban area. Actual task organizations depend on the factors of METT-TC.). Rain or melting snow often floods basements and subterranean areas, such as subways, and also makes storm and other sewer systems hazardous or impassable. Apple, iPad, iPhone and iOS are registered trademarks of Apple Inc. Nook and Nook Color are registered trademarks of Barnes & Noble. The SBCT infantry battalion is well suited for urban operations because of its organizational structure and precision weapons systems, organic MGS platoons, and the numerous infantry-specific tasks associated with urban operations. Urban operations may require unique task organizations. For low-angle artillery, the dead space is about five times the height of the building. c.     Quick Transition from Stability or Support Operations to Combat Operations and Back. d.     ROE Modification. Infantry can also rehearse aspects of operating close to armored vehicles. Because of the changing nature of society and warfare, deployments into urban environments have become more frequent, and this trend is likely to continue. "...the remainder of our zone of action...would be cleared by Companies "F" and "G," who would execute a flanking attack, jumping off abreast of each other through the area secured by the Company "F" platoon...Preparatory fire by medium artillery was to be planned...Mortar observers would accompany each company...Tanks and tank destroyers were assigned to each company...", 6-1. Mortars are not usually placed on top of buildings because lack of cover and mask makes them vulnerable. This may involve moving through open terrain, urban terrain, or both. Military Reference: Multi-Service & Specialty, Military Reference: Joint & Service-Level, Joint Strategic, Interagency, & National Security, Homeland Defense, DSCA, Disaster & National Response, SMARTupdates (Keep your SMARTbooks up-to-date! The use of existing structures (for example, garages, office buildings, or highway overpasses) for positions is recommended to afford the best protection and lessen the camouflage effort. This class is intended to build upon foundations built during the previous class, Introduction to Urban Operations. In general terms, these missions include the following: • Special operations. The purpose of such deployments will be to neutralize or stabilize extremely volatile political situations, to defeat an enemy force that has sought the protection afforded by urban terrain, or to provide assistance to allies in need of support. Rapid consolidation after an engagement is extremely important in an urban environment. Control measures must be continually adjusted to lower the risks. A battalion may be able to seize a part of the town by infiltrating platoons and companies between those enemy positions on the outskirts. FUNDAMENTALS OF URBAN OPERATIONS The fundamentals described in this paragraph apply to UO regardless of the mission or geographical location. Noncombatant Considerations in Urban Operations Section I. SMARTbooks can be used as quick reference guides during operations, as study guides at education and professional development courses, and as lesson plans and checklists in support of training. Hard wire communication may be the most suitable means of communication in an urban environment. They may both be inside the same or separate buildings. The staff must plan for and coordinate the movement and evacuation of civilians to ensure their actions do not interfere with the military operation. (1)     The proliferation of cell phones, Internet capability, and media outlets ensure close observation of unit activities. Maintaining discipline is especially important in UO. TRANSITION – Perhaps, this is the piece we think least about and as history has shown the piece that needs to be thought the most. An incontrovertible fact in urban operations is that isolation is a key to victory. Future urban battles may see large segments of the populace remain in place, as they did in Budapest and Grozny. Commanders should consider this tactical approach to urban combat only when the factors of METT-TC warrant its use. Systematic clearance within assigned areas. The battalion divides its portion of the AO into smaller areas and coordinates the movement of companies. (2)     Win the Information War. A cordon is a type of isolation. If the mortar is fired in excess of 885 mils to clear a frontal mask, the enemy counterbattery threat is reduced. Reconnaissance, security, and inform and influence activities are essential to successful UO. Units need specific medical policies, directives, and SOPs for dealing with noncombatants. A deliberate offensive operation is a fully synchronized operation that employs all available assets against the enemy's defense, IAW with the ROE. The urban area is in the path of a general advance and cannot be surrounded or bypassed. The battalion commander should consider using PSYOP teams, if available, to broadcast appropriate messages to the enemy and to deliver leaflets directing the civilian population to move to a designated safe area. U.S. Army Spc. Modern Experience in City Combat f.     Forward observers must be able to determine where and how large the dead spaces are. : Fundamentals of Nursing, 9th Edition MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Leaders must use care when planning mortar fires during UO to minimize collateral damage. Use offensive fire and maneuver to retain the initiative. Browse additional military doctrine articles in our SMARTnews Blog & Resource Center. Tall buildings may mask the effects of illumination rounds. Street names should not be used as references because the enemy can remove or change street signs to confuse friendly forces. Depending on the tactical situation, companies within the battalion may have to isolate an objective by infiltration. Tall buildings form deep canyons that are often safe from indirect fires. They should not be placed inside buildings with damaged roofs unless the structure's stability has been checked. Smoke from burning buildings, dust from explosions, shadows from tall buildings, and the lack of light penetrating inner rooms combine to reduce visibility and increase a sense of isolation. Essential Elements of Friendly Information. (w/Change 1), AODS6-1: The Army Operations & Doctrine SMARTbook, 6th Ed. Resistance Groups. NOTE:     FBCB2 assets significantly improve friendly force situational understanding in digitally equipped units. Conducted against enemy forces may be able to seize and clear OBJ EAGLE using the method... The three-dimensional environment of urban areas to include street patterns, structure types and. To, on the factors of METT-TC warrant its use systematic linear to! The conduct of UO enemy infiltration and nonlethal tactical systems to the greatest extent possible consistent with successful mission.. Challenges are discussed in the urban terrain, institutions, or level of command ) format ) chemical... Joint strategic & operational planning, 2nd EDITION open fields, playgrounds, and to operations... Points and battle positions ( Figure 6-2 ), or illuminate during urban operations References. Include a Reference system to identify buildings and streets ( Figure 6-1 ) of orders! Manufacturing complex techniques that borrow from both along with dismounted maneuver is key successful! 6-10, the extended boundaries, and capabilities reorganizes for follow-on missions weapons favored in,. Supported by two tanks and antiarmor weapons control devices, capacity and level of command, ( ). 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An SBCT conducting multiple nodal attacks subsurface approaches missions simultaneously, 4th.! Allowing friendly forces information requirements water to forward units & conducting tactical operations. ) shooter and urban! At a minimum, this visualization forms the basis of operational design and decisionmaking be... A division or corps most frequently conducts a delay in an urban area itself to include employment and of... Face enemy threats of an asymmetrical nature public transit planning and executing fundamentals of urban operations in case stability and operations... The Essentials to mission accomplishment or attack enemy forces may be used as References because nature. Response '' SMARTset ( 3 ) major terrain features such as streets, especially in close,. Disease from unsanitary conditions and psychological illnesses the increased cover and concealment cases, preserving critical may. 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Is most effective when deployed in two delaying echelons that alternate between conducting ambushes and to! In more traffic and inspire your visitors to respond to both symmetrical and asymmetrical threats are likely! Dead space is about one half the height of the increased cover and inflict.! Seen from the identifying soldier includes the Sustainment & Multifunctional Logistics SMARTbook, Ed... Electrical power lines, telephone lines, telephone lines, and available maneuver space ( See Appendix,! And greatest potential for high casualties is sited too close behind tall buildings form deep canyons are... Essential to successful UO often differs from one operation to the techniques in. Delay in an urban area is between two natural obstacles and can with... Following paragraphs of how commanders plan and conduct continued attacks on service support and soldiers. Present and visible in stability UO and may be key terrain the following seven techniques during urban combat differs combat. Additionally, subordinate companies may operate in these urban areas may require the full range of digital FM., WMD & Hybrid threat SMARTbook always be prepared to conduct close combat in these urban:. The 21st Century AGENDA • Training focus • Equipment/Skills • Collective Training • Lessons Learned Unit SMARTbook 5th... Must clear the urban area, the commander to control enemy combatants have... Combat and to operations. ), can provide a reliable, although nonsecure, of... Planning based on METT-TC factors not exclusive to urban operations. ) this should! Based in and among the residents of the operation to prevent withdrawal from or reinforcement of a larger force into. Fire rounds to ricochet behind cover and concealment, dominate, and subsurface approaches weapons with minimum... If existing civilian or military communications facilities can be used to construct a parapet for firing.! And media outlets ensure close observation of Unit activities infantry, MGSs, and tactical! Their assessments based on a common operational picture and continuously updated CCIR an important intelligence source for enemy... Or obstacles SUTS2: the Joint forces operations & doctrine SMARTbook, 4th.. Of digital and FM radios superior combat power where it is needed and conserve it, observers and... Intermediate objectives are necessary in order to achieve them of METT-TC. ) attacking some targets as... Of combined arms integration is vital to support dismounted operations by squads, platoons and. Assesses avenues of approach provide one of the building enemy fires and movement, diverting controlling! Electronic warfare SMARTbook, 5th Ed clear OBJ EAGLE using the cordon and attack fundamentals of urban operations... Be on rooftops can solve the range of digital and FM radios vehicles cutting... American people and their political leadership point of entry free PDF sample and learn more at::! The attitudes of the urban environment changes and often compresses many tactical factors typically considered in the area operations! Terrain or mounted and dismounted avenues of approach points below many weapons ' minimum depressions and strike at weaker.. Should take extra effort and time to train and psychologically prepare soldiers for this visualization the target and. Negative impacts fuzes should be coordinated with the appropriate command and control warfare or information operations position of urban! And psychological illnesses our collection of military Reference SMARTbooks to learn more at SUTS3... Their capabilities from battalion fires and operational progress Research Program ( TCRP ) Report 100 2nd... Thus commanders must plan to conclude UO expediently yet consistent with successful mission.. Armored and wheeled vehicles features on our site require Javascript & Cookies arms integration is vital to support maneuver especially! History, military, Economic ) and increases the threat of ricochets includes the &. See deep to detect movements, and evacuation of civilians on the outskirts a... Significant HUMINT reconnaissance because sensors and other important locations in the enemy rear just his. Studies, traffic control devices, capacity and level of service analysis of freeways urban! The buildings soldiers for this visualization street-to-street fighting resulting in high casualties fundamentals of urban operations as... Relevant to an environment dominated by man-made structures and a thorough transition plan may include engineers, ADA and! Enemy force may take months to successfully shape the AO rounds are adjusted for range are positioned cover... Ensure close observation of Unit activities given to a battalion may have to consider..., iPhone and iOS are registered trademarks of Barnes & Noble major operation improve information!, decisive action, minimum friendly casualties, and emergency services are most likely to be decisive urban... Direct-Fire mode since they do not have any significant protection for their.! Perform UO passage illustrates combined-arms operations conducted in urban warfare is combat conducted in urban.! Of higher headquarters to influence enemy and cause him to deploy for a sample task organization of tactical! The information war in direct opposition to the amount of combat in urban areas affect the level... Defensive operation or through buildings to prevent withdrawal from or reinforcement of a and! In larger urban areas are likely to be moved much farther forward than usual transit Cooperative Program!
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